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CRA 
C R A 
C R A 
all times of the year, and catches the atten- 
tion even in the winter; for then vve see 
it stand, though naked of leaves, with a 
Straight stem, with smooth branches spotted 
with white, at the end of which are the buds, 
swelled for the next year’s shoot, giving the 
tree a bold and fine appearance. In the 
spring the leaves come out, of course, and 
look delightfully, having their upper surface 
green and the lower white. Their figure is 
oval; they are unequally serrated, about 
three inches long, and half as wide. Several 
strong nerves run from the mid-rib to the 
border, and they are placed alternately on 
the branches, which appear as if powdered 
with the finest meal. The flowers are pro- 
duced pit the end of the branches in May : 
they are white ; grow in large bunches, hav- 
ing mealy footstalks ; and are succeeded by 
red berries, which will be ripe in autumn. 
4. The terminalis, wild service, or maple- 
leaved service, is a large growing tree, na- 
tive of England, Germany, Switzerland, 
and Burgundy. It will arrive at near fifty 
feet, and is worth propagating for the sake of 
the timber, which is very white and hard. 
This tree grows naturally in several woods 
in England ; and it is the fruit of this species 
that is tied in bunches and exposed for sale 
in the autumn: it is gatiiered in the woods, 
and by some persons is much liked. The 
leaves in some degree resemble those of the 
maple-tree in shape; their upper surface is 
a fine green, their under hoary; and they 
grow alternately on the branches. The 
flowers come out in May, exhibiting them- 
selves in large clusters at the end of the 
branches. They are white, and are succeed- 
ed by the fruit, which, when ripe, is of a 
brown colour, and about the size of a large 
haw. 
5. The coccinea, or great American haw- 
thorn, is a native of Virginia and Canada. 
It will grow to be near twenty feet high. 
The stem is robust, and covered with a light- 
coloured bark. The branches are produced 
without order, are of a dark-brown colour, 
and possessed of a few long sharp thorns. 
The leaves are spear-shaped, oval, smooth, 
and serrated ; of a thickish consistence, and 
often remain on the tree the greatest part of 
the winter. Each separate flower is large ; 
but as few of them grow together, the umbels 
they form are rather small. They come 
out in May, and are succeeded by a large 
dark-red -coloured fruit, which ripens late in 
the autumn. The varieties of this species 
are: the pear-leaved thorn; the plum-leav- 
ed thorn with very long strong spines and 
large fruit; the plum-leaved thorn with 
short spines and small fruit. 
6. The crus galli, or cockspur-thorn, is a 
native of Virginia and Canada, and grows to 
about twenty feet high. It rises with an up- 
right stem, irregularly sending forth branches, 
which are smooth, and of a brownish colour, 
spotted thinly with small white spots. It is 
armed with thorns that resemble the spurs 
of cocks, which gained it tli£ appellation of 
cockspur-thorn. In winter the leaf-buds 
appear large, turgid, and have a bold and 
pleasant look among others of different ap- 
pearances. In summer this tree is very de- 
lightful. The leaves are oval, angular, ser- 
rated, smooth, and bend backwards. They 
are about four inches long, and three and a 
half broad ; have five or six pair of strong 
nerves- running from the mid-rib to the bor- 
der ; and dye to a brownish-red colour in the 
autumn. The flowers are produced in very 
large umbels, making a noble show in Mayg 
and are succeeded by large fruit of a bright 
red colour, which have a good effect in the 
winter. The principal varieties of this spe- 
cies are: the cockspur hawthorn with mam- 
thorns ; the cockspur hawthorn with no 
thorns; the cockspur hawthorn with eatable 
fruit. 
7. The tomentosa, woolly-leaved haw- 
thorn, grows to about seven or eight feet 
high. The branches are slender, and closely 
set with sharp thorns. The leaves are cunei- 
form, oval, serrated, and hairy underneath. 
The flowers are small, and of a white colour: 
they are produced from the sides of the 
branches about the end of May ; and are 
'succeeded by yellow fruit, which ripens late 
in autumn. r i here is a variety of this called 
the Carolina hawthorn, which has longer and 
whiter leaves, large flowers and fruit, and no 
thorns. 
8. The viridis, or green-leaved Virginia 
hawthorn, has the stem and branches to- 
gether destitute of thorns. The leaves are 
lanceolate, oval, nearly trilobate, serrated, 
smooth, and green on both sides. The flow- 
ers are white, moderately large, come out 
the end of May, and are succeeded by a 
roundish fruit, which will be ripe late in the 
autumn. 
The respective species are all propagated 
by sowing the seeds; and the varieties are 
continued by budding them upon stocks of 
the white thorn. This latter method is gene- 
rally practised for all the sorts ; though, when 
good seeds can be procured, the largest and 
most beautiful plants are raised that way. 
CRATER, in astronomy, a constellation 
of the southern hemisphere, consisting of 
seven stars according to Ptolemy’s cata- 
logue, of eight in Tycho’s, and eleven in the 
Britannic catalogue. 
CRATEVA, the garlic pear ; a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the dodecandria 
class of plants; and in the natural method 
ranking under the 25th order, putaminese. 
The corolla is tetrapetalous ; the calyx qua- 
drifid; the berry inferior, dispermous. There 
are five species, natives of both Indies. They 
are of the tree kind ; and are chiefly distin- 
guished by their fruit. The tapia, or garlic 
pear, has a smooth round fruit about the size 
of an orange, with a hard brown shell or 
cover, which incloses a mealy pulp, filled 
with kidney-shaped seeds. It lias a strong 
smell of garlic, and communicates the same 
to such animals as feed upon it. The tender 
buds from the young branches being bruised 
and applied to the naked skin, will blister as 
effectually as cantharides. It rises to the 
height of about thirty feet. The marmelos 
grows to the size of a very large tree, with tri- 
foliate leaves. The flowers have the smell of 
roses, and are succeeded by an oblong fruit of 
the size of an apple, covered with a very hard 
bony shell, and containing a soft fleshy pulp, 
having the taste of quinces. From the flow- 
ers of this plant is obtained by distillation a 
water highly odoriferous and cordial ; and 
the pulpy part of the fruit is prepared into 
various kinds of marmalades. Both species 
may be propagated in this country by seeds. 
CRAX, in ornithology, the curassou, a 
genus of birds belonging to the order of gal- 
linre. The base of the beak of each mandible 
is covered with wax; and the leathers of the 
head are curled. There are live species, 
viz. 1. the alecator, or Indian hen of Sloane, 
is about the size of a small turkey. It is 
black, with a white belly. A yellow wax 
covers about half of each mandible ; tire 
tongue is entire; the temples are bare and 
black; the tail is roundish, and consists of 
14 prime feathers ; the legs are strong, and 
of a dusky-brown colour. They are frequent 
at Guiana; and are called powese by the 
natives from their cry, which is somewhat 
similar; are pretty numerous in the woods, 
and make no smalt part of the food of the 
planters, who are supplied with them by the 
Indian hunters ; and their flesh is reckoned 
delicate, much like that of a turkey. They 
are easily brought up tame, and are fre- 
quently found in the Dutch settlements of 
Berbice, Essequibo, and Demerara. They 
are called at Brasil by the name of curasso. 
2. The rubra, or Peruvian hen, is red, with 
a blueish head. These birds are natives of 
Mexico and Peru. '1'hey feed on fruits, and 
perch at night on trees: the flesh is white, 
and esteemed very gqod food. They are 
frequently kept tame in our menageries in 
England, 1 and readily mix with other poul- 
try, feeding on bread and grain ; but this cli- 
mate is not warm enough for their nature, 
they not being able to bear the dampness of 
the grass of our meadows, which renders them 
subject to have their toes rot off. They will 
often live in this state some time ; and in 
one instance which Mr. Latham saw, the 
whole of one foot was gone, and but part of 
one toe left on the other, before the creature 
died. 3. '1 he nntu, or Brazilian pheasant, is 
I black, with a dusky belly, and red wax: it 
is a native of Guinea and Brazil. 4. The 
globicera, has a yellow protuberance between 
the nostrils, and is of a blueish-black colour; 
it is likewise a native of Brazil. 5. The 
pauxi, or Mexican pheasant of Brisson, is of 
a blueish colour, with blue wax, and the tip 
of the tail and belly whjte: is a native of 
Mexico. See PI. Nat. Hist. iigs. 148, 149. 
CRAY-FISH, or Craw-fish. See 
Cancer. 
CRAYON, a name for all coloured 
stones, earths, or other minerals, used in de- 
signing or painting in pastel. Crayons may 
be made of any colour, and adapted for the 
faces of men, women, landscapes, clouds, 
sun-beams, buildings, and shadows, in the 
following manner. Take plaister of Paris, 
or alabaster calcined, and of the colour of 
which you intend to make’ your crayons, a 
sufficient quantity: grind them first asunder, 
and then together, and with a little water 
make them into a paste: then roll them with 
your hand upon the grinding-stone into long- 
pieces, and let them dry moderately in the 
air ; when they are to be used, scrape them to 
a point like a common pencil. 
Crayon-painting. Whether the painter 
works .with .oil-colours, water-colours, or 
crayons, the grand object of his pursuit is 
still the same : a just imitation of nature. 
But each species has its peculiar rules and 
methods. Painting with crayons requires, in 
many respects, a treatment different from 
painting in oil-colours ; because all colours 
used dry are in their nature of a much warm- 
er complexion than when wet with oils, &<;. 
For this reason, in order to produce a picture. 
