CEO 
C R O 
an herbaceous branching stalk, with irregular 
or rliomboidal figured leaves, which are near 
two inches long. The flowers are produced 
in short spikes from the sides of the stalks, at 
the end of the branches ; the upper part of 
the spike is composed of male flowers, having 
many stamina which coalesce at the bottom ; 
the lower part has female flowers, which have 
each a roundish three-cornered germen ; 
these afterwards become a roundish capsule 
with three lobes, having three cells, each in- 
cluding one roundish seed. This flowers in 
July ; but unless the plants are brought for- 
ward on a hotbed, they do not ripen seeds in 
this country. From this plant is made the 
turnsole used for colouring wines and jellies. 
It is made of the juice which is lodged be- 
tween the empalement and the seeds ; which, 
if rubbed on cloths, at first appears of a lively 
green, but afterwards changes to a hlueish- 
purple colour. If these cloths are put into 
water, and afterwards wrung, they will dye 
the water to a claret-colour. The rags thus 
dyed are brought to this country, and sold in 
the druggists’ shops under the name of turn- 
sole. 
2. The seviferum, or tallow-tree, with 
rliomboidal egg-shaped leaves, pointed, 
smooth, and very entire. It is about the 
height of a cherry-tree ; its leaves in form of 
a heart, of a deep shining red colour, and its 
bark very smooth. Its fruit is enclosed in a 
kind of pod, or cover, like a chesnut ; and 
consists of three round white grains, of the 
size and form of a small nut, eadi having its 
peculiar capsule, and within that a little 
stone. This stone is encompassed with a 
white pulp, which however is not the tallow, 1 
as is erroneously supposed, for that is express- 
ed from the kernels ; and the Chinese make 
their candles of it ; which would doubtless 
be as good as those in Europe, if they knew 
how to purify their vegetable tallow as well as 
we do our animal kind, and to make their 
wicks as well. 
3. The aromaticum, with heart-shaped 
serrated leaves, and an arborescent stem. The 
bark of this tree is the same as the cascarilla 
and eleutheria, though these have been con- 
sidered by some as distinct barks, and sold in 
the shops as different productions. It is a 
hot, acrid, aromatic bitter, resembling in ap- 
pearance the Peruvian bark, but is more bit- 
ter and pungent, though not so rough and 
- astringent. It was first introduced into Eu- 
rope about the end of the last century, and 
seems first to have been used in Germany, 
where it is still in very high esteem. There 
it is frequently employed in intermittent fe- 
vers, in preference to the Peruvian hark, as 
being less subject to some inconveniences to 
which the latter is deemed liable. It is also 
said to have been employed with great suc- 
cess iu some very dangerous epidemic fe- 
vers attended with petechias ; and it is fre- 
quently employed with advantage in dysente- 
ries, diarrhoeas, &c. In Britain it has also 
been used by some practitioners. Its virtues 
are partly extracted by water, and totally by 
rectified spirit, but it ‘is most effectual when 
given in substance. 
4. The cascarilla, described by Linnxus 
as producing the officinal bark of that name, 
is, according to Dr. Wright, the wild-rose- 
mary shrub of Jamaica, the bark of which 
has none, of the sensible qualities of the true 
cascarilla or eleutheria above described, 
CROTOPIIAGA, in ornithology, a ge- 
nus of birds belonging to the order of pica'. 
There are two species, the characters of 
which are: the bill is thin, compressed, 
greatly arched, half oval, and cultraled at 
top ; the nostrils are round ; the tongue flat, 
and pointed at the end ; the tail consists of 
ten feathers ; and the toes are placed two and 
two. The most remarkable species is the 
ani, which is about the size of a blackbird : 
the colour of the whole bird is black, in some 
parts glossed with purple, and about the neck 
faintly tinged with green on die margins: the 
base of the bill is furnished with black bristles, 
which turn forwards : the eyelids have long 
hair-like eyelashes: the tail is six inches 
long, and much cuneated ; and the legs are 
black. This species is found in Jamaica, St. 
Domingo, and other islands in the West In- 
dies ; also at Cayenne, and other parts of 
South America. Contrary to all other birds, 
they have the singularity of many lying in 
the same nest ; to make which they all unite 
in concert, and, after laying -their eggs, sit 
on them close to each other to hatch them, 
each amicably striving to do the best for 
the general good ; and when the young are 
hatched, the parents, without reserve, do 
their best to feed the whole flock. Still a 
greater singularity occurs, which is, that as 
soon as each female lays her eggs she covers 
them with leaves, doing the same thing when- 
ever she is obliged to leave the nest for food: 
this might be necessary in a cold climate; 
but why it should be wanted in a hot one 
seems not clear, especially as it has not been 
observed in other birds. The female has two 
broods in a year, except accidents happen ; 
in which case she has been known to make 
three nests. The eggs are about the size of 
those of a pigeon, of a sea-green colour, 
spotted at the ends. Their food is various ; 
worms, insects, fruits, and grain, according to 
the season. There is a variety called the 
greater ani, which is about the size of a jay, 
differing no otherwise from the former but in 
size. They ought, however, to be consider- 
ed as two distinct species : for they never inix 
together, though each has the same man- 
ners, with this difference only, that the 
smaller frequent the savannas, the larger only 
the salt-marshes near the sea-coasts. It is 
said that they are easily made tame, and will 
learn to talk like parrots. The male and fe- 
male are both alike. Both species are easy to 
be shot, not being so wild as many other 
birds ; but are known to chatter much on the 
sight of a man, though they do not fly to a 
great distance. 
CROUP of a horse, in the manege, the 
extremity of the reins above the hips. 
CROW. See Corvus. 
Crow, in mechanics, a kind of iron lever 
with a claw at one end, and a sharp point at 
the other : used for heaving or purchasing 
great weights. 
Crow’s bill, among surgeons, a kind of 
forceps, for drawing bullets and other foreign 
bodies out of wounds. 
Crow’s feet, in the military art, ma- 
chines of iron, having four points, each about 
three or four inches long, so made that what- 
ever way they fall there is stilt a point up : 
they are thrown upon breaches, or in passes 
where the enemy’s cavalry are to march, 
proving very troublesome, by running into 
the horses’ feet, and laming them, 
3 M 2 
CRO 45 g 
Crow’s feet, in a ship, small lines or 
ropes, sometimes eight or ten, reeved through 
the dead-men’s-eyes ; and scarcely of any 
other use than to make a shew of small rig- 
ging. They are usually placed at the bot- 
tom of the back-stays of the fore-top-mast, 
mizen-top-mast, and top-gallant-mast. See 
Plate Miscel. fig. 25. ' 
Crow-net, is an invention for catching 
wild-fowl in the winter season, and may be 
used in the day-time. 'Phis net is made oi dou- 
ble thread, or fine packthread ; the meshes 
should be two inches wide, the length about 
ten yards, and the depth three ; it must be 
verged on the side with good strong cord, and 
stretched out very Stiff on long poles prepar- 
ed for that purpose. When you come to the 
place where you would spread your net, 
open it, and lay it out at its full length and 
breadth: then fasten the lower end of the 
net all along the ground, so as only to move 
it up and down ; the upper end of the net 
must stand extended on the long cord, the 
further end being staked first to the earth by 
a strong cord about five yards distant, from 
the net. Place this cord in an even line with 
the lower edge of the net. The other end 
must be at least 25 yards distance, to reach 
into some natural or artificial shelter, by the 
means of which you may lie concealed from 
the fowl, otherwise no good success can be 
expected. The net must be placed in such 
exact order that it may give way to play oa 
the fowl on the least pull of the cord, which 
must be done smartly, lest the fowl should, 
prove too quick for you. This net may be 
used for pigeons, crows, or other birds, on 
corn-fields newly sown ; as also in stubble- 
fields, provided the stubble conceals the net 
from the birds. 
CROWN, in heraldry, is used for the re- 
presentation of that ornament, in the man- 
tling of an armoury, to express the dignity of 
persons. 
Crown, the imperial, is a bonnet or tiara., 
with a semicircle of gold, supporting a globe 
with a cross at top. 
Crown, the British, is adorned with four 
crosses, between which there are four fleurs- 
de-lis : it is covered with four diadems, 
which meet at a little globe supporting a cross. 
Crown, the French, was a circle of eight 
fleurs-de-lis, encompassed with six diadems, 
bearing at top a double fleur-de-lis, which 
was the crest of France. 
Crown, the Spanish, is adorned with large 
indented leaves, and covered with diadems 
terminating in a globe, surmounted with a 
cross. 
The crowns of almost all other kings are 
adorned with large leaves, bordered with four,, 
six, or eight diadems, with a globe and cross 
at top. 
Crown, the papal, is composed of a tiara 
and a triple crown encompassing it, with two 
pendants like the bishops’ mitres. These 
crowns represent the pretended triple capa- 
city of the pope, as high-priest, supreme 
judge, and sole legislator of Christians. 
Crown, electoral, or coronet, is a scarlet 
cap turned up with ermine, and closed with a 
semicircle of gold, all covered with pearls, 
with a globe at top, surmounted with a golden 
cross. 
Crowns of British princes of the blood. 
1. The prince of Wales’s crown consists al- 
• teruately of crosses and ileurs-de Lis, with 
