C Y N 
C Y N 
C Y P 
*484 
The most common variety is an eight-sided 
prism, terminated by six summits. Two 
of the faces of the prism are hexagons, two 
are rectangles, and four trapezia : two faces 
of the summits are rectangles, and the other 
four trapezia. Sometimes two of the edges 
of the prism are wanting, and small faces in 
their place. Its texture is foliated: it causes 
■double refraction. Its specific gravity from 
3.7 to 3.8. The colour yellowish green, sur- 
face sparkling. It is infusible by the blow- 
pipe per se, and also with soda. By analysis 
it is found by Klaproth to contain, 
71.5 alumina, 
18.0 silica, 
6.0 lime, 
1.5 oxide of iron r 
97.0 
CYNANCHE, among physicians, denotes 
an inflammation of the larynx. See Medi- 
cine. 
CYNANCHUM, bastard dogsbane, a 
genus of the digynia order, in the pentandria 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 30th order, contort*. The 
nectarium is cylindrical and quinquedentat- 
ed. There are 27 species, of which the fol- 
lowing are the most remarkable : 
1 . The acutum, commonly called Mont- 
pellier scammony ; and, 
2. The monspeliacum, or round-leaved 
Montpellier scammony. They abound with 
a milky juice like the spurge”, which issues 
©ut wherever they are broken ; and this 
milky juice when concreted has frequently 
been sold for scammony. These plants pro- 
pagate so fast by their creeping roots, that 
tew people care to admit them into their gar- 
dens. 
• CYNARA, the artichoke , a genus of the 
polygamia squalls order, in the syngenesia 
class of plants. The calyx is dilated, imbri- 
cated with carnous squamae, and emarginated 
with a sharp point. Of this genus there are 
six species, but only two are cultivated for 
use. 
1. The scolynius, or garden artichoke, has 
large, thick, perennial roots, crowned by a 
considerabletcluster of large, pinnatifid, erect 
leaves. In the middle are upright stalks 
rising a yard high, on the top of which is a 
large round scaly head, composed of nu- 
merous, oval, calycinal scales, inclosing the 
florets, sitting on a broad fleshy receptacle, 
which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is 
flie only eatable part of the plant. The va- 
rieties of this species are, 1. r lhe conical 
green-headed French artichoke, having the 
small leaves terminated by spines, the head of 
a light-green colour, with the scales pointed 
at top, opening, and turning outward. 2. 1 he 
globular-headed Dutch artichoke, having 
leaves without spines, a strong stalk, the head 
large, globular, a little compressed at top, 
and of a brown colour ; broad obtuse scales 
emarginated at top, growing close, and turn- 
ing inward. Of these varieties the last is de- 
servedly the most esteemed, both on account 
of its superiority in size and the agreeable- 
ness of its flavour. Both varieties are per- 
ennial in their root: but the leaves and 
fruit-stem die to the ground in winter ; and 
their roots remaining, send up fresh leaves 
and stems every summer, producing a supply 
of artichokes for 20 years if required. The 
flowers and seed of all the plants of this ge- 
nus are produced in the centre of tlve head ; 
the scales of which are the proper calyx ©f the 
flower, which consists of numerous small 
blueish florets, succeeded by downy seeds sit- 
ting naked on the receptacle. 
2. Tire cardunculus, or cardoon, greatly 
resembles the artichoke, but is of larger and 
more regular growth ; the leaves being more 
upright, taller, broader, and more regularly 
divided ; and the stalks of the leaves blanched 
are the only eatable parts of the plant. 
Both the above varieties of the artichoke 
are propagated by slips or suckers, arising 
annually from the stool or root of the old 
plants in spring, which are to be taken from 
good plants of any present plantation in 
March, or the beginning of April, and plant- 
ed in the open quarters of tne kitchen-gar- 
den, in rows five feet asunder ; and they will 
produce artichokes the same year in autumn. 
It should, however, be remarked, that though 
artichokes are of many years duration, the 
annual produce of their 'fruit will gradually 
lessen in the size of the eatable parts after the 
third or fourth year, so that a fresh plantation 
should be made every three or four years. 
The cardoon is a very hardy plant, and 
prospers in the open quarters of the kitchen- 
garden. It is propagated by seed sown an- 
nually in the full ground in March: either in 
a bed for transplantation, or in the place 
where they are designed to remain. The 
plants are very large, so must stand at con- 
siderable distances from one another. By 
this means you may have some small tempo- 
rary crops between the rows, as of lettuce, 
spinach, endive, cabbage, savoy, or brocoli 
plants. In the latter part of September, or 
in October, the cardoons will be grown very 
large, and their footstalks have acquired a 
thick substance ; you must then tie up the 
leaves of each plant, to admit of earthing 
them closely all round for blanching, which 
will take up six or eight weeks ; and thus the 
plants will come in for use in November and 
December, and continue all winter. 
CYNIPS, in zoology, a genus of insects 
belonging to the hymenoptera order. The 
mouth is armed with jaws, but has no pro- 
boscis: the sting is spiral, and mostly con- 
cealed within the body. The quercus folii, 
or oak-leaf cynips, is of a burnished shining 
brown colour. It is in the little, smooth, 
round, hard galls, found under the oak- 
leaves, generally fastened to the fibres, that 
this insect is produced, a single one in each 
gall. These latter are ligneous, of a hard 
compact substance, formed like the rest by 
the extravasation of the sap of the leaf, oc- 
casioned by the puncture of the gall-fly when 
it deposits its eggs. Sometimes, instead of 
the cynips, there is seen to proceed from the 
gall a larger insect of a brown colour, which 
is an ichneumon. This ichneumon is not 
the real inmate of the gall, or he that formed 
it. He is a parasite, whose mother deposited 
her eggs in the yet tender gall; which, when 
hatched, brings forth a larva that destroys the 
larva of the cynips, and then comes out when 
it has undergone its metamorphosis and ac- 
quired its wings. 
The quercus gemma?, or oak-bud cynips, 
is of a very dark green, slightly gilded. It 
deposits its eggs in oak-buds, and produces 
one of the finest galls, leafed like a rose-bud 
beginning to blow. When the gall is small, 
a great quantity of the leaves is compressed, 
and they are set upon one another like the 
of a roof. In the centre of the gall there 
is a kind of ligneous kernel, in the middle 
of which is a cavity ; and in that is found the 
little larva, who feeds there, takes its growth, 
undergoes its metamorphosis, and breaks 
through the inclosure of that kind of cod in 
order to get out. The whole gall is often 
near an inch in diameter, sometimes more 
when dried ; and it holds to a branch by a pe- 
dicle. There are 19 species of this insect. 
CYNOGLOSSUM, hound’s-tongue ; a 
genus of the monogynia order, in the pen- 
tandria class of plants ; and in the natural 
method ranking under the 4ist order, aspe- 
rifoline. The corolla is funnel shaped, with 
its throat closed up by little arches formed in 
it ; the seeds depressed, and affixed to the 
style of the receptacle only on their inner side. 
There are 12 species, none of them remark- 
able for their beauty. The root of one of 
them, the officinale, or common greater 
hound’s-tongue, was formerly used in medi- 
cine, and supposed to possess narcotic virtues ; 
but it is now discarded from practice. The 
smell of the whole plant is very disagreeable. 
Goats eat it: sheep, horses, and swine, refuse 
it. 
CYNOMETRA, a genus of the mono- 
gynia order, in the decandria class of plants ; 
and in the natural method ranking with those' 
of which the order is doubtful. The calyx 
is tetraphyllous; the anther* bifid at top; 
the legumen carnous, crescent-shaped, and 
monospermous. . There are two Species. 
CYNOMORIUM, a genus of the mo- 
nandria order, in the monoecia class of plants ; 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
50th order, amentaceae. The male calyx is 
an imbricated catkin ; there is no corolla ; 
the calyx of the female is in the same catkin ; 
no corolla ; one style ; and one roundish seed. 
There are, three species, of no note. 
CYNOSORUS, a genus of the digynia 
order, belonging to the triandria class of 
plants; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 4th order, gramina. 1 he calyx is 
bivalved and multiflorous; the receptacle 
proper, unilateral, and foliaceous. There 
are 20 speties, four of which are natives of 
Britain, viz. the cristatus, or crested dog-tail 
grass ; the echinatus, or rough dog-tail grass : 
the caeruleus, or blue dog-tail grass; and the 
paniceus, or bearded dog-tail grass, 
CYPERUS, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the triandria class of plants; and 
in the natural method ranking under the 
3d order, calamari*. The glumes are pa- 
leaceous, and imbricated towards each side ; 
the corolla is wanting, and there is one naked 
seed. There are 53 species ; the only re- 
markable are the round, the long sweet 
cyperus, and the papyrus. The former is a 
native of the East Indies, and grows by the 
sides of rivulets, ditches, &c. The root is 
knotty, wrapped round with fibrous strings not 
easy to break, of a brown colour without, and 
grey within: of a pleasant scent, especially 
when well dried ; the leaves are green, and 
resemble those of the reed and leek. 
2. The long-leaved, commonly called 
English or Flemish cyperus, grows in the 
wafer, and along the banks and river sides. 
Its root is as thick as an olive, lull of little 
knots or specks, of an oblong figure, grey 
colour, sweet and somewhat sharp tasted, and 
