48(3 
C Y i* 
C Y P 
dnd then die, I he bleak seldom exceeds 
five or six inches in length. Artificial pearls 
are made with the scales of this tish ; and 
probably also with those of the dace. They 
are beaten into a line powder, then diluted 
with water, and introduced into a thin glass 
bubble, which is afterwards tilled with wax. 
The French were the inventors of this art. 
During the month of July there appear in 
the 1 ham es, near Blaekwall and Greenw ich, 
innumerable multitudes of small iish, known 
to the Londoners by the name of white-bail. 
They are esteemed "very delicious when fried 
with line Hour, and occasion, during the sea- 
son, a vast resort of the lower order of epi- 
cures to the taverns at the places where they 
are taken. 1 here are various suppositions 
concerning these fishes, all of w hich termi- 
nate in reckoning them the fry of some other 
iish. Mr. Pennant thinks they are of the 
carp kind; though he cannot determine 
the species to which they belong. They have 
a greater similarity to the bleak than to anv 
other, but he thinks they cannot be the young 
fry of this species; because the bleak isfound 
iu many of the British streams, but the white- 
bait only in the Thames. The usual length 
of this Iish is only two inches. 
■10. d he auratus, or golden fish, a small 
fish, domesticated by the Chinese, and ge- 
.nerally kept lor ornament by great people in 
their courts and gardens. They breed them in 
small ponds made for the purpose, in basons, 
and even in porcelain vessels. This fish is 
no larger than our pilchard. The male is of 
a bright red colour, from the top of the head 
.to the middle ot the body: the rest is of a 
gold colour; but it is so bright and splendid, 
that the finest gilding, according to F. le 
Comte, cannot approach it. The female is 
white, but its tail and half of its body re- 
semble the lustre of silver. F. du H'alde, 
however, observes, that a red and a white co- 
lour are not always the distinguishing marks 
of the male and female; but that the females 
are known by several white spots, which are 
seen round the orifice that serves them as 
organs of hearing; and the males, by having 
these spots much brighter. Gold-fish are 
light and lively ; they love to sport on the 
surface of the water, soon become familiariz- 
ed, and may even be accustomed to come 
and receive their food on sounding a small 
rattle. Great care is necessary to preserve 
them; for they are extremely delicate, and 
sensible of the least injuries of the air; a 
loud noise, such as that of thunder or can- 
non ; a strong smell, a violent shaking of the 
vessel, or a single touch, will often de- 
stroy them. These fish live with little nou- 
rishment ; those smail worms which are en- 
gendered in the water, or the earthy particles 
that are mixed with it, are sufficient tor their 
food. The Chinese, however, take care from 
time to time, to throw into the basons and 
reservoirs where they are kept, small balls of 
paste, which they are very fond of when dis- 
solved ; they give them also lean pork, dried 
in the sun, and reduced to a fine and delicate 
powder, and sometimes snails: the slime 
which these insects leave at the bottom of the 
vessel is a great delicacy for them, and they 
eagerly hasten to feed on it. la winter they 
are removed from the court to a warm cham- 
ber, where they are kept generally shut up 
jn a porcelain vessel. During that season 
..they receive no nourishment; however, in 
spring, when they are carried back to their 
former bason, they sport and plav with the 
same strength and liveliness as they did the 
preceding year. 
In warm countries these fish multiply fast, 
provided care is taken to collect" their 
spawn, which floats on the water, and which 
they almost entirely devour. This spawn is 
put into a particular vessel, exposed to the 
sun, and preserved until vivified bv the heat. 
Gold-fish, however, seldom multiply when 
they are kept in close vases, because they 
are then too much confined. In order to 
render them fruitful, they must be put into 
reservoirs of considerable depth in some 
places at least, and which are constantly sup- 
plied with fresh water. At a certain tune of 
the year, a prodigious number of barks may 
he seen in the great river Yangtsekiang, 
which go thither to purchase the spawn of 
these iish. Towards the month of May, the 
neighbouring inhabitants shut up the river in 
several places with mats and hurdles, which 
occupy an extent of almost 9 or 10 leagues; 
and they leave only a space in the middle 
sufficient lor the passage of barks. The 
spawn of the fish, which the Chinese can dis- 
tinguish at first sight, although a stranger 
could perceive no traces of it in the water, is 
stopped by these hurdles. The water mixed 
with spawn is then drawn up, and after it lias 
been put into large vessels, it is sold to mer- 
chants, who transport it afterwards to everv 
part of the empire. This water is sold by 
measure, and purchased by those who are 
desirous of stocking their ponds and reser- 
voirs with fish. 
Notwithstanding the tenderness of these 
fish even in their native climates, they arc- 
now naturalized in Britain, where they even 
breed. They were first introduced into 
EnglaM about the year 1691; but were not 
generally known till 1728, when a great 
number were brought over, and presented 
first to sir Matthew Dekker, and by him cir- 
culated round the neighbourhood of London, 
whence they have been distributed to most 
parts of the country. 
Nothing can be more amusing than a glass 
bowl, containing such lishes: the double re- 
fractions of the glass and water represent 
them, when moving, in a shifting and change- 
able variety of dimensions, shades, and co- 
lours; while the two mediums, assisted bv 
the convex shape of the vessel, magnify 
and distort them vastly; not to mention 
that the introduction of another element and 
its inhabitants into our parlours, engages the 
fancy in a very agreeable manner. See Plate 
Nat. Hist. fig. 158. 
CYPR1PEDIUM, lady’s slipper, a genus 
of the ciiaiTdria order, in the gynandria class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 7th order, oirhideas. The necta- 
rium is ventricose, inflated, and hollow. 
There are five species ; of which only one, 
viz. the calceolous, is a native of Britain. It 
grows in rough ground in different parts of 
the island. The other species are natives of 
America. None of them are easily propa- 
gated in gardens, and therefore must be trans- 
planted from those places where they are 
natives. Thev are curious and beautiful 
flowers. The English species is yellow. 
CY PRUS, knights cf, an order instituted 
by Guy de Lusignan, titular king of Jerusa- 
e y t 
lem, to whom Richard I, of England, after 
conquering this island, made over his right, 
C\ R1 LEA, a genus of the class and order 
d'.dynamia angiospefmia, r j he calyx is five- 
leaved ; the cor. funnel-form ; filaments in- 
serted in the margin of the corolla; antb, 
cohering; germ inferior; stvle bent down; 
stigma two-fobed; caps, half two-celled; seeds 
numerous. J here is one species, a handsome 
plant of the \\ est Indies, 
Ch R I’ANTl IDS, a genus of the class and 
order hexandria mouogynial The coroffii is 
tabular, inserted in the tube. There are 
two species, bulbs of the Cape. 
CY S i , the bag or tunic including all in- 
cysted tumors, as the scirrhus, atheroma, 
steatoma, meliceris. See Surgery, 
CA 1 INI'S, a genus of the dodecandria 
order, in the gynandria class of plants, and 
in the natural "method ranking under the j 
1 1th order, sarinentacca*. The calyx is qua 
di’ifid, superior; there is no corolla ; the an- j 
thcras are 16, and sessile; the fruit an octo- 
locular polyspermous berry. There is 'one * 
species. 
CY1 ISUS, tree trefoil, a genus of the de- 
candria order, in the djadelphia class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking I 
under the 3 2d order, papilionacete. The I 
calyx is bilabiated, with the upper lip bifid ; 
inferior fridentufe ; the legumen attenuated 
at the base. There are' eight species, of 
which the most remarkable are : 1. The 'la- 
burnum, or large deciduous evtisus; has a 
large upright tree-stem, branching into a full- 
spreading head, 20 or 30 feet high, having i 
smooth greenish branches, from the sides of ' 
which numerous yellow flowers collected into 
long spikes hang loosely downward, and ap- 
pear in May. 2. The sessilifolius, olten rail- 
ed cytisus secundus clusii, has a slow' shrub- 
by stem dividing into numerous erect brown- j 
ish branches, forming a bushy head five or j 
six feet high, with small oval leaves' growing ' 
by threes; and bright yellow flowers in short ’ 
erect spikes at the end of the branches, in , 
June. 3. File nigricans grows with a short 
shrubby stem, dividing low into many erect 
slender branches, forming a bushy head four 
or five feet high, with oblong, oval, trifoliate i 
leaves, and yellow flowers terminating all the . 
branches in upright spikes, appearing in July. 
4. I he hirsutus, or hairy evergreen Neapo- 
litan cytisus, rises with an upright shrubby 
grey stem, sending out many erect greenish 
hairy branches, forming a fine head six or 
eight feet high, with small hairy trifoliated 
leaves, and y ellow flowers from "the sides of 
the branches in short pendulous spikes, ap- 
pearing in June. 5. The austriacus, Austri- 
an, or 1 artarean evergreen cytisus, has a 
shrubby stem, dividing low into many green- 
ish branches, forming a bushy head three ox 
four feet high, having smooth whitish-green 
leaves, and bright yellow flowers in close um- 
bellate heads at the ends of the branches, 
having a cluster ot leaves under each head. 
These flowers appear in May. All the sorts 
are hardy, and will prosper in anv common 
soil and exposure: though, as the’hirsytus is 
sometimes affected by severe frost, it should 
have a dry soil, and a somewhat sheltered 
situation. They may all be propagated by 
seeds or cuttings, and all the culture they re- 
quire in the nursery is to have the ground 
kept clear from weeds, and dug annually be- 
