D O D 
DOG 
DOL 
545 
annexed to other papers for particular pur- 
poses. In law a docket is necessary in all 
judgments ; and no debts will be entitled to a 
preference, in debts due from a party de- 
ceased, as judgment debts, unless such judg- 
ments be regularly docketed. 
DOCTOR, a teacher, or person who has 
passed all the degrees of a faculty, and is ini- 
powered to teach or practise the same : thus 
we say, doctor in divinity, doctor in physic, 
doctor of laws. 
The title of doctor seems to have been cre- 
ated in the twelfth century, instead of master, 
and established with the other scholastic de- 
grees of bachelors and licentiates, by Peter 
Lombard and Gilbert Porreus, then the chief j 
divines of the university of Paris. G ratian 1 
did the same thing, at the same time, in the 
university of Bologna. Though the two 
names of doctor and master were used a long 
time together, yet many think that their 
functions were different, the masters teaching 
the human sciences, and the doctors those 
sciences depending on revelation and faith. 
Spelman takes the title of doctor not to have 
commenced till after the publication of Lom- 
bard’s Sentences, about the year 1140, and 
affirms that such as explained that work to 
their scholars were the first that had the ap- 
pellation of doctors. 
To pass doctor in divinity at Oxford, it is 
necessary that the candidate have been four 
years bachelor of divinity. For doctor of laws 
he must have been seven years in the univer- 
sity to commence bachelor, of law, live years 
after which he may he admitted doctor of laws. 
Otherwise, in three years after taking the de- 
gree of master of arts, he may take the de- 
gree of bachelor in laws, and in four years 
more that of doctor : which saine method 
and time are likewise required to pass the de- 
gree of doctor in physic. At Cambridge, to 
take the degree of doctor in divinity, it is re- 
quired the candidate have been seven years 
bachelor of divinity : though in several col- 
leges the bachelor’s degree is dispensed with, 
and they may go out per saltum. To com- 
mence doctor in laws, the candidate must 
have been five years bachelor of laws, or se- 
ven years master of arts. To pass doctor in 
physic, he must have been bachelor in physic 
five years, or seven years master of arts. 
Doctors, and bachelors of divinity and 
law, may have a dispensation for nonre- 
sidence. 21 Hen. VIII. cap. 13. Doctors ot 
civil law may exercise ecclesiastical juris- 
diction, although laymen. 37 II. VIII. c. 17. 
. Doctor is also an appellation adjoined to 
several specific epithets, expressing the merit 
of some of the schoolmen : thus Alexander 
Halos is called the irrefragable doctor ; Tho- 
mas Aquinas the angelic doctor ; St. Bona- 
venture the seraphic doctor; John Duns 
Scotus the subtile doctor; Raimond Lully 
the illuminated doctor ; Roger Bacon the ad- 
mirable doctor, &c. 
Doctors’-commons. See College of 
Civilians. 
DODARTIA, a genus of the didynamia 
angiospermia class and order of plants, the 
flower of which consists of one ringent petal, 
with the upper tip erect and semibifid ; and 
the lower lip patent, twice broader than long, 
and trifid: the fruit is a globose bilocular 
capsule, containing a great number of very 
small seeds. There are two species, her- 
baceous plants of the East. 
f . VOL. 1. 
DODECAGON, in geometry, a regular 
polygon, consisting of twelve equal sides and 
angles. 
DODECAHEDRON, in geometry, one 
of the Platonic bodies, or regular solids, con- 
tained under twelve equal' and regular pen- 
tagons. 
its solidity is found by multiplying the area 
of one of the pentagons by 12, and then this 
product by one-third of the distance of the 
face from the centre of the dodecahedron, 
which is the same with the centre of the cir- 
cumscribing sphere. 
The side of a dodecahedron, inscribed in a 
sphere, is the greater part of the side of a 
cube, inscribed in the same sphere, cut into 
! extreme and mean proportion. If the diame- 
ter of the sphere be 1 ‘0000, the side of the 
dodecahedron, inscribed in it, will be ‘35682 
nearly. 
All dodecahedrons are similar, and are to 
one another as the cubes of their sides ; their 
surfaces are also similar, and therefore they 
are as the squares of their sides ; whence as 
•509282 is to 10-51462, so is the square of the 
side of any dodecahedron to the superficies 
thereof; and as ‘3637 is to 2-78516, so is the 
cube of the side of any dodecahedron to the 
solidity of it. 
DODECANDRIA, the name of the 11th 
class in Linnaeus's sexual system, consisting 
of plants with hermaphrodite bowers, that, 
according to the title, have twelve stamina. 
This class, however, is not limited with re- 
spect to the number of stamina. Many 
genera have sixteen, eighteen, and even 
nineteen stamina: the essential character 
seems to be, that, in the class in question, 
the stamina, however numerous, are inserted 
into the receptacle: whereas in the next 
class, icosandria, which is as little determined 
in point of number as the present, they arc at- 
tached to the inside of the calyx, or flower- 
cup. 
DODECAS, a genus of the trigynia or- 
der, in the dodecandria class of plants. The 
calyx is balf-quadrilid, having the corolla 
above ; the corolla quinquefid ; the capsule 
unilocular, conjoined with the calyx. There 
is but one species, a shrub of Surinam. 
DODECATHEON, a genus of the mo- 
nogynia order, in the pentandria class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking un- 
der the 21st order, precise. The corolla is 
verticillated and retlexed ; the stamina placed 
in the tube ; the capsule unilocular and ob- 
long. There is one species, the D. media, a 
beautiful perennial plant, a native of Virginia, 
but sufficiently hardy to bear our climate. 
DODO. See Didus. 
DODON.EA, a genus of plants of the oc- 
tandria monogynia class : it has no corolla ; 
the fruit is a roundish trilocular capsule, with 
prominent inflated angles, containing solitary 
seeds. There are two species. 
DODRANS, in antiquity, three-fourths of 
the as. See x\s, and Coins. 
DOG, in zoology. See Canis. 
DOGS. The owner of a dog is bound to 
muzzle him if mischievous, but not otherwise ; 
and if a man keep a dog that is known to bite 
cattle, &c. if after notice given to him of it, 
his dog shall do any hurt, the master shall 
answer for it. 
The duty on dogs. The act 36 G. III. 
contains the following provisions : 
1. That the duty shall not extend to dogs 
3 Z 
not six months old, the proof of which is to lie 
on the owner, on an appeal to the commis- 
sioners. 
2. If any person shall be desirous of com- 
pounding for the number of hounds by him 
kept, and shall give notice thereof to the col- 
lector, and shall pay within thirty days after 
April 5, yearly the sum of 30/., such person 
shall not be liable to be assessed in respect of 
any hounds by him kept in the preceding 
year: and if they are kept in two or more pa- 
rishes, he shall give notice in which parish 
such composition is intended to be made. 
By 42 Geo. III. cap. 17, any person keeping 
two or more dogs shall pay annually for every 
greyhound, pointer, setting-dog of whatso- 
ever description or denomination, spaniel, 
lurcher, and terrier, and for every dog above 
one, whatever the same be, the sum of 1 0s. 
And for any dog (not being a greyhound, 
hound, setting-dog, spaniel, lurcher, &c e) 
kept by or for use of any person inhabiting a 
dwelling-house assessed to any of the duties 
on houses, windows, or lights, where one such 
dog and no more shall be kept by or for the 
use of such person, the annual sum of 65. 
Dog’s-bane. SeeArocYNUM. 
DOGE, formerly the chief magistrate in 
the republics of Venice and Genoa; but now, 
like many other venerable relics of antient 
grandeur, absorbed in the modern Gothicism 
and tyranny of the abominable French revo- 
lution. 
DOGMATISTS, a sect of antient physi- 
cians, of which Hippocrates was the first au- 
thor. They are also called logicians, from 
their using the rules of logic in subjects of 
their profession. They laid down definitions 
and divisions, reducing diseases to certain ge- 
nera, and those genera to species, and fur- 
nishing remedies for them all ; supposing prin- 
ciples, drawing conclusions, and applying 
those principles and conclusions to particular 
diseases under consideration : in which sense 
the dogmatists stand contradistinguished from 
empirics and methodists. They reject all 
medicinal virtues that they think not reduci- 
ble to manifest qualities: but Galen lias long 
ago observed of such men, that they must 
either deny plain matter of fact, or assign but 
very poor reasons and causes of many effects 
they pretend to explain. 
DOLE, in our antient customs, signified 
a part or portion, most commonly, of a mea- 
dow, where several persons have shares. It 
also still signifies a distribution or dealing of 
alms, or a liberal gift made by a great man to 
the people. 
Dole, in the law of Scotland, is used for 
malevolent intention. This, which implies 
deceit, as well as dolum, in the civil law, 
whence it is taken, is an essential ingredient 
to constitute au action criminal. I11 crimes 
wherein the will, not the event, must be re- 
garded, no negligence can equal dole, unless 
the negligence be so extremely supine as not 
to be conceivable without implying dole. 
Under this term are comprehended the 
vices and errors of the will, which are imme- 
diately productive of the criminal fact, 
though not premeditated, but the effect of sud- 
den passion. In this respect dole differs from 
what the English law calls malice prepense. 
DOLICHOS, a genus of the decandria 
order, in the diadelphia class of plants ; and 
in the natural method ranking under the 
32d order, papilionace®, The basis of the 
