END 
ENG 
ENG 
021 
ENCEPHALT, in medicine, worms gene- 
rated in the bead, where they cause so great 
a pain, as sometimes to occasion distraction. 
See Medicine. 
ENCHASING, Tnchasing, or Chas- 
in g, the art of enriching and beautifying gold, 
silver, and other metal work, by some de- 
sign or figures represented thereon in low re- 
lievo. 
Enchasing is practised only on hollow thin 
works, as watch-cases, cane-heads, tweezer- 
cases, &c. It is performed by punching or 
driving out the metal to form the figure from 
withinside, so as to stand out prominent from 
the plane or surface of the metal. In order 
to this they provide a number of fine steel 
blocks or puncheons, of different sizes ; and 
the design being drawn on the surface of the 
metal, they apply the inside upon the heads or 
tops of these blocks, directly under the lines 
or parts of the figures ; then, with a line 
hammer, striking on the metal, sustained bv 
the block, the metal yields, and the block 
makes an indenture or cavity on the inside, 
corresponding to which there is a prominence 
on the outside, which is to stand for that part 
ot the figure. Thus the workman proceeds to 
chase and finish all the parts by successive 
application of the block and hammer, to the 
several parts of the design. And it is won- 
derful to observe with what beauty and just- 
ness, by this simple piece of mechanism, the 
artists in this line will represent foliages, 
grotesques, animals, histories, &c. 
ENCHEL1S, a genus of vermes infusoria. 
It is invisible to the naked eye, very simple, 
and cylindrical. There are eleven species, 
most of which have been described in Mr. 
Adams’s Treatise on the Microscope. 
ENCLAY Eg in heraldry, denotes a thing’s 
being let into another, especially when the 
piece so let in is square. » 
ENCLITIC A, in grammar, particles 
which are so closely united with other words 
as to seem part of them, as virumque, &c. 
There are three enclitic particles in Latin, 
viz ..que, nc, ve: but there are a great many 
in the Greek, as r«, te, ala, <roi, &c. 
ENCRAT’TES, in church history, a sect 
of Christians who appeared towards the 
end of the second century. They were called 
encratites or contiuentes, because they glo- 
ried in abstaining from marriage, and the use 
of wine and animal food. 
END for end, in the sea language, is 
said of a rope that has run quite out of the 
block wherein it was reeved. 
ENDEMIC or Endemical diseases, 
those to which the inhabitants of particular 
countries are subject more than others, on 
account of the air, water, situation, and man- 
ner of living. See Medicine. 
ENDORSE, in heraldry, an ordinary, 
containing the eighth part of a pale, which 
Leigh says is only used when a pale is be- 
tween two of them. 
Endorsed, in heraldry, is said of things 
borne back to back, more usually called 
adossA 
ENDOWMENT, in law, denotes the sett- 
ling a dower on a woman: though sometimes 
it is used figuratively for settling a provision 
upon a parson, on the building of a church ; 
or the severing a sufficient portion of tithes 
for a vicar, when the benefice is appropri- 
ated*. 
ENEMA, in medicine, the same with cly- 
ster. See Medicine. 
ENEMY, is properly an alien or foreigner 
who, in a public capacity, and in a hostile 
manner, invades any kingdom or country. 
If a prisoner is rescued by enemies, the 
gaoler is not guilty of an escape, as lie would 
have been if subjects had made the rescue, 
when he might have a legal remedy against 
them. 2 Haw. 130. 
ENERGUMENS, in church history, per- 
sons supposed to be possessed by the devil, 
concerning whom there were many regula- 
tions among the primitive Christians. They 
were denied baptism and the eucharist ; at 
least this was the practice of some churches : 
and though they were under the care of ex- 
orcists, yet it was thought a becoming act of 
charity to let them have the public; prayers 
of the church, at which they were permitted 
to be present. 
ENFILADE, in the art of war, is used in 
speaking of trenches or other places which 
may be scoured by the enemy’s shot, along 
their whole length. In conducting the ap- 
proaches at a siege, care must be taken that 
the trenches be not enfiladed from any work 
of the place. 
EN I RAN C H IS EM EN T , the incorpo- 
rating a person into any society or body po- 
litic ; such is the enfranchisement of one 
made a citizen of London, or other city, or 
burgess of any town corporate, because he 
is made partaker of the liberties which apper- 
tain to the corporation wherein he is enfran- 
chised. 
ENGASTRIMYTHI, in Pagan theology, 
the Pythias or priestesses of Apollo, who de- 
livered oracles from within, without any ac- 
tion of the mouth or lips. 
ENGENDERING, a term sometimes 
used for the act of producing or forming any 
thing: thus worms in the abdomen are said 
to be engendered. 
ENGINE, in mechanics, is a compound 
machine, consisting of one or more mechani- 
cal powers, as levers, pulleys, screws, &c. in 
order to raise, cast, or sustain any weight, or 
produce any effect which could not be easily 
effected otherwise. See Mechanics. 
Engines are extremely numerous; some 
used in war, as the battering-ram, balista, 
waggons, chariots, & c. ; others in trade and 
manufactures, as cranes*" mills, presses, &c. ; 
others to measure time, as clocks, watches, 
& c. ; and others for the illustration of some 
branch of science, as the orrery, cometarium, 
and the like. 
Engine, fire, the name now commonly 
given to a machine by which water is thrown 
upon fires in order to extinguish them. 
The fire-engine is properly a forcing-pump 
(see Hydraulics) ; and its usual construc- 
tion, after the great improvements were made 
m it by Mr. R. Newsham, was nearly that 
which is exhibited in fig. 1. Plate Engines, 
where we have represented a vertical section 
of the engine. The motion of the water in 
this machine is effected by the pressure of 
the atmosphere, the force of men acting upon 
the extremities H, H, of a lever, and thence 
giving motion to the pistons, and by the 
elasticity ot condensed air, in the following 
manner: When the piston 11 is raised, a va- 
cuum would be made in the barrel TU, if the 
water did not follow it from the inferior ca- 
nal EM (through the valve ()), which rises 
through the tube EE, immersed in the water 
of a vessel by the pressure o the atmosphere 
on its surface. The water of the barrel TU, 
by the succeeding depression of the piston R, 
shuts the valve O, pnd is forced, through the 
superior canal ON, to enter by the valve -I 
into the air-Vessel abed; and the like being 
done alternately with respect to the ether 
barrel WX, and its piston S, the air-vessel is 
by these means coutimialU tilling with wa- 
ter, which greatly compresses tne air above 
the surface of the water in that vessel, and 
thereby proportionally augments its spring ; 
which at length is so far increased as to re- 
act with great force on the surface YZ of 
the subjacent water, and compel it to ascend 
through the small tube ef to the stop-cock eg, 
where upon turning the cock the water is 
suffered to pass through a pipe h fixed to a 
ball and socket; from the orifice of which it 
issues in a continued stream with a great ve- 
locity, to a considerable height or distance ; 
and it is usually kept from diverging too soon 
in its progress by means of a long series of 
flexible leather pipes, properly joined toge- 
ther, and known among the firemen by the 
name of the hose. 
d he greatest artifice in the engine, accord- 
ing to the construction just described, is the 
contrivance to produce a continual stream, 
which is done by the compression and pro- 
portional elasticity of air in the barrel abed, 
called the air-vessel. For the air, being an 
elastic fluid, will be susceptible of compres- 
sion in any degree by the water forced in 
through the valves at IK; and since tins 
force of the air’s spring will always be in- 
versely as the space it possesses, it follows, 
that when the air-vessel is half full of water, 
the air will be compressed into half the space 
it possessed at first, and therefore its spring 
will be twice as great as at first. 
But this spring at first was equal to the 
pressure of the atmosphere on the same sur- 
face : for if it was not, it could not have sus- 
tained or resisted the pressure of the atmo- 
sphere which stood over it, and consequently 
could not have filled the vessel before the 
water was driven in; which yet we find it 
did, and maintained an equilibrium with the 
common air. The vessel then being half- 
filled with water, or the air compressed into 
half the first space, its spring will in this case 
be equal to twice the pressure of the atmo- 
sphere ; and therefore when the stop-cock at 
p is turned, the air within, pressing on the 
subjacent water with twice the force it meets 
with from the external air in the pipe c/> will’- 
cause the watA to spout out of the engine to? 
the Height of 32 or 33 feet, if the friction is 
not too great. 
When the air-vesse-l is two-thirds full of 
water, the air takes up one-third part; whence 
its spring will be three times as great as that 
of the common air, and it will project the 
water with twice the common atmospheric 
pressure; consequently it will rise to the 
height of 62 or 64 feet. When the air-vessel 
is three-fourths full of water, the air will be 
compressed into its one-fourth part, and so 
will protrude the water with three times the 
-atmospheric pressure, and carry it to the 
height of 96 or 99 feet. Hence it will be 
easy to state the law by which the spring of 
the air will act on the surface of thewates 
below it, as in the following table : 
