Hostrum or proboscis, -is a mouth drawn 
out to a rigid point : in many of the hetnip- 
tera class it is bent downward toward the 
breast and belly, as in the c icada, nepa, no- 
tonecta, cimex (bug), aphis, and remarkably 
so in some curculiones. 
Maxillae, the jaws, are two in number, 
sometimes four, and at other times more; they 
are placed horizontally ; the inner edge of 
them in some insects is serrated, or furnish- 
ed with little teeth. 
Lingua, the tongue, in some insects is ta- 
per and spiral, as in the butterfly; in others 
it is fleshy, resembling a proboscis, and tubu- 
lar, as in the fly. 
Labium superius, the upper lip, is situated 
above the jaws ; as in the scarabaeus and 
gryllus. 
Stemmata, or crown, are three smooth he- 
mispheric dots, placed generally on the top 
of the head ; as in most of the hymenoptera, 
and others. 
II. T runcus, the trunk, is that part which 
comprehends the breast or thorax : it is si- 
tuated between the head and abdomen ; and 
has the legs inserted into it, that its parts 
may be distinctly determined. It is divided 
into thorax, scutellum, and sternum. 
Thorax, the chest, is the back part of the 
breast ; and is very various in its shape. It 
is called dentatus,\vhen its sides are armed 
with points. 
Spinosus, when its back is furnished with 
them, as in the cerambyx ; and marginatus, 
when its margin is laterally dilated, as in the 
silpha and cassida. 
Scutellum, or escutcheon is the posterior 
part of the thorax ; it is frequently trian- 
gular, and appears to be divided from the 
thorax by an intervening suture, as inmost 
of the coleoptera. 
The sternum, or breast-bone, is situated on 
the inferior part of the thorax; it is pointed 
behind in the elateres, and bifid in some of the 
dytisci. 
III. The abdomen is in most insects 
distinct from the thorax ; it is the pos- 
terior part of the body of the insect ; and 
is composed of a number of annular segments 
which serve occasionally to lengthen or 
shorten it, and to contain the organs of chy- 
lification, &c. 
Spiracula, are little holes or pores, placed 
singly on each side of every segment of the 
abdomen : through these the insect breathes ; 
and if oil is applied so as to stop them up, 
it proves fatal to most of them. 
Tergum, the back, is the superior part of 
the abdomen. 
Venter, the belly, is the inferior part. 
Anus, is the posterior part of the abdomen, 
perforated for the evacuation of the excre- 
ment. This part also frequently contains the 
organs of generation. 
IV. Ai'tus, the limbs,' or extremities, are 
the various instruments of motion. 
Pedes, the legs, are generally six. There 
is an exception to this, however, in the class 
aptera, many of which have eight: as acari 
(mites), plialangii, most of the aranei (spi- 
ders), scorpiones (scorpions), and cancri 
(crabs). T he oniscus has 14, and the iuli 
and scolopendri still more. 
The first joint of the leg, which is generally 
thickest, is called femur ; the second, which 
is generally of the same size throughout, 
tibia : the third, which is jointed, is distin- 
ENTOMOLOGV. 
guished by the name of tars: us ; and the Iasi, 
which in most insects is double, by that ot 
unguis. The legs of insects, in general, are 
named from the various motions they pro- 
duce : as 
Cursorii, from that of running, which are 
most numerous. 
Saltatorii, from that of leaping. 
Natatorii, from that of swimming, &c. In 
the saltatorii, the thighs are remarkably large, 
by which means they are able to leap to a 
considerable distance, as in the gryllus, grass- 
hopper, &c. In those of the natatorii, the 
feet are flat, and edged with hairs, which an- 
swer the same purpose as oars in assisting 
them to swim, as in the dytiscus. 
Mutici, are such feet as have no claws. 
Chela;, or claws, are the fore-feet enlarged 
towards their extremities, eacli of which is 
furnished with two lesser claws, which act 
like a thumb and finger ; as in the crab. 
Alae, wings, the instruments which enable 
the insect to fly. These are membranous 
and undivided, except in the instance of the 
phalzena: alucitse, in which they are in part 
divided. Most insects have four; the dip- 
tera class, and the coccus, however, have only 
two. 
The wing is divided into its superior and 
inferior surfaces: its anterior part in a but- 
terfly, is that towards the anterior margin, 
or next to the head ; its posterior part, that 
towards the anus ; its exterior part, that to- 
wards the outer edge ; and the interior, that 
next the abdomen. 
They are called plicatiles, when they are 
folded at the time the insect is at rest, as in 
the wasp : opposite to these are the plans, 
which are incapable of being folded. 
Erects, such as have their superior sur- 
faces brought in contact when the insect is 
at rest ; as in the ephemera, puella and 
virgo, and papiliones (butterflies). 
Patentes, which remain horizontally ex- 
tended when the insect is at rest ; as in the 
s phalsns geometrs, and most of the libelluls. 
Incumbentes, such as cover horizontally 
the superior part of the abdomen when the 
insect is at rest. 
Deflexs, are incumbentes, but not ho- 
rizontally, the outer edges declining toward 
the sides. 
Reverss, are deflexs, with this addition, 
that the edge of the inferior wings projects 
from under the anterior part of the superior 
ones. 
Dentats, in which the edge is serrated, or 
scalloped. 
Caudats, in which one or more projections 
in the hinder wings are extended into pro- 
cesses. 
Reticulate, when the vessels ot the wings 
put on the appearance of net-work, as in the 
hemerobiusL pjprla ; the two anterior wings 
generally become superior, and the posterior 
ones inferior, in moths, when their wings are 
closed ; but the anterior wings are called pri- 
mary, and the inferior ones secondary, in 
butterflies, as they cannot with propriety be 
called inferior when the wings are erect. _ 
Colores, the colours ; these are various 
and apparent ; but according to their several 
shapes, they take the different names ot 
puncte, dots ; and maculae, spots. 
Fascia', bands, which frequently run across 
and sometimes surround the edge of the 
wings. 
035 
Strife, streaks, which are very slender fas- 
cia', and lineae, lines, which are longitudinally- 
extended. 
Ocellus, is a round spot containing r lesser 
spot of a different colour in its centre. . 
Stigma, another term lately introduced 
by Linnaeus, signifies the spot, or anastomis, 
in the middle of the wing near the anterior 
margin ; it is conspicuous in most of the hy- 
menoptera and neuroptera, and even in the 
coleoptera. The single or double kidney- 
shaped spot, situated in the same part of the 
anterior wings, and frequently occurring in 
the phalana pagans’, is distinguished likewise 
by the name of stigma. 
Elvtra (in the singular number elytron). 
The upper wings, or case, which are of a hard 
substance, in some degree resembling leather, 
and which in most insects are of a very hard 
texture, but in others flexible, are called ely- 
tra : their superior surface is generally convex, 
their inferior concave. When the insect 
flies, they are extended ; and shut when it 
rests, closing together, and forming a longi- 
tudinal suture down the middle of the back, 
as in the coleoptera. They are of various 
shapes: 
Abbreviata, when shorter than the abdo- 
men. 
Truncata, when shorter than the abdo- 
men, and terminating in a transverse line. 
Fastigata, when of equal or greater length 
than the abdomen, and terminating in a 
transverse line. 
Serrata, when the exterior margin towards 
the apex is notched or serrated, as in some of 
the buprestes. 
Spinosa, when the surface is covered with 
sharp points or prickles. 
Scabra, when their surface is so uneven as 
to grate against the fingers. 
Striata, when marked with slender longi- 
tudinal furrows. ■ 
Porcata, when with elevated longitudinal 
sulci or ridges. 
Sulcata, when the ridges are concave. 
Hemelytra, when the superior wings are 
of a middle substance between leather and 
membrane ; either totally so, as in the grylli ; 
or partially so, as in the ciinices, nepae, and 
notonectae : these are commonly distinguish- 
ed by the name liemiptera. 
Halteres, poisers(atermalso introduced by 
Linnauis), are little heads placed on a stalk 
or peduncle, most frequently under a lit t ie 
arched scale. They are found only in th* 
class diptera, and appear to be nothing more 
than the rudiments of the hinder wings. 
Cauda, the tail, in most insects is. 
Simplex, simple, capable of being extend- 
ed, and again drawn back at pleasure. In 
the crab and scorpion, however, it is 
Elongata, elongated or lengthened. 
Setacea, brittle shaped, or taper ; as . in the 
raphidea. 
Triseta, consisting of three bristles ; as in the 
ephemera. 
Furcata, being forked, as in the po» 
dura. 
Forcipata, resembling a pair of forceps ; as 
in the forsicula. 
Foliosa, resembling a leaf; as in the blatta, 
grylli, and some species of cancri. 
Telifera, such as are armed wih a dart fu- 
sing; as in the scorpion or panorpa. 
4 L 2 
