636 
Aculeus, the sting, an instrument with 
which they wound, and at the same time in- 
stil a poison : with such the bee, wasp, scor- 
pion, &c. are furnished. 
Explanation of the figures that accompany 
this article. 
Fig. 62. Antennae pectinatae, or feathered ; as 
in the phataenae, moths. 
63. perfoliatae, or perfoliated ; 
as in the dermestes and dytiscus. 
64. — — fissiles, or fissile, divided 
into laminae at the extremity ; as 
in the scarabaei, beetles. 
65. --- clavatae, or club-shaped; 
as in the papilio, butterfly. 
66. Monfliformes, like a necklace of 
beads ; as in the chrysomela. 
67. — ■ setacea*, setaceous, or 
bristle-shaped ; as in many of 
the phalaenae. 
68. — ' aristatar, furnished with 
a lateral hair ; as in the fly. 
Fig- 69, and 70. a, caput, the head, h, 
palpi, or feelers, c, an- 
te minae, or horns. d, ocu- 
li, the eyes, e, thorax. 
f, sen tel lu m, or escut- 
cheon. g, pectus, or 
breast. />, sternum, or 
breast- bone, i, abdo- 
men, and its segments. 
k, anus. I, elytra, or 
shells. ?n, membranous 
wings, n, pedes, or feet, 
which are natatorii. 
71. o, femur, or thigh, p, tibia, or- 
leg. q, tarsus, or foot, r, un- 
guis, or claw. 
72. a, the anterior part of the wing, h, 
the posterior part, c, the exte- 
rior part, d, the interior part. 
e, the margin, f, the disk, or 
middle, g, oeulus, or eye. 
73. 7-i, 75-, and 76, represent the insect 
in its egg, caterpil- 
lar, pupa, and per- 
fect state. 
Of the sexes of insects. 
Tn insects the same difference exists as in 
ether animals, and they even appear more 
disposed to increase their species than other 
animals ; many of them, when become per- 
fect, seeming to be created for no other pur- 
pose But to propagate their species. Thus 
the silkworm, when it arrives at its perfect 
or moth state, is incapable of eating, and can 
hardly fly : it endeavours only to propagate 
its species ; after which the male immedi- 
ately dies, and, as soon as she has deposited 
her eggs, the female also expires. 
The males and females of many insects are 
with difficulty distinguished ; whilst in some 
they differ so widely, that an unskilful per- 
son might easily take the male and female of 
the same insect for different species: as for 
instance, in the phalarna humuli, piniari, 
russula: each sex of which differs in colour. 
This dissimilarity is still more apparent in some 
insects, in which the male has wings and the 
female none ; as in the coccus, lampyris, 
phalsna antiqua, brumata, lichenella. 'And 
as most insec t?. remain a long while in copula- 
tion, as we may see in the tipula and silk- 
worm, the winged males fly with the wing- 
less females, au*l carry them about from one 
ENTOMOLOGY. 
place to another ; as in the phakena antiqua. 
It is, however, no certain rule, that when one 
insect of the same species is found to have 
wings, and the other to be without, the 
former must necessarily be the male, and the 
latter the female. The aphides, for instance, 
are an exception ; and besides these, indivi- 
duals of both sexes, and of the same species, 
are found without wings, as the carabi majo- 
res, tenebriones, meloes, cimic.es. The gryl- 
lus pedestris is likewise destitute of wings ; 
and might have passed for a gryllus in its pu- 
pa state, had it not been seen in copulation ; 
for it is well known that no insect can propa- 
gate its species till it arrives at its last or per- 
fect state. 
“ Pieraque iusectorum genitalia sua intra 
anum habent abscondita, et penes solitarios, 
sed nonnulla penem habent biiidum : -eancri 
autem et aranei geminos, quemadmodum 
nonnulla amphibia, et quod mirandum in loco 
alieno, ut cancer, sub basi caliche. Araneus 
mas palpos habet clavatos, qui penes sunt, 
juxta os utrinque unicum, quae clava: sexum 
nec speciem distinguunt ; et famina vulvas 
suas habet in abdomine juxta pectus. Iluic 
vero si unquam vere dixeris. Res plena ti- 
moris amor : si enim procus in auspicato ac- 
cesserit, foeming ipsum devorat ; quod etiam 
sit, si non statim se retraxerit. Libellula foe- 
mina genitale suum sub apice geret candae, 
et mas sub pectore; adeo ut cum mas collum 
foeminae forcipe caude arripit, ilia caudam 
sub pectore ejus adplicet, sicque peculiari 
ratione connexae volitent.” 
Besides those of male and female, a third 
sex exists in some insects which we call neu- 
ter: as these have not the distinguishing 
parts of either sex, they' may be considered 
as eunuchs, or infertile. We know of no in- 
stance of this kind in any other class of ani- 
mals, nor in vegetables, except in the class 
syngenesia, and in the opulus. This kind of 
sex is only found among those insects which 
form themselves into societies, as bees, 
wasps, and ants : and here these kind of eu- 
nuchs are real slaves, as on them lies the 
whole business of the economy ; while those 
of the other sex are idle, only employing 
themselves in the increase of the family. See 
Aprs. Among ants, the neuters form a hill 
in the shape of a cone, that the water may 
run off it, and place those which are in the 
pupa state on that side of it which is least ex- 
posed to the heat of the sun. At a consi- 
derable distance from these are found the ha- 
bitations of the males and females, to whom 
the most ready obedience is yielded by the 
neuters, till a new offspring succeeds, and 
then they oblige them to quit their habita- 
tions. But those ants which live entirely 
under ground provide better for themselves 
in this respect ; for a little before their nup- 
tials tiiey quit their habitation of* their own 
accord, and, after swarming in the manner of 
bees, copulate in the air; and each retiring 
to some new habitation founds a new race. 
No hermaphrodites have as yet been dis- 
covered among insects. There is something- 
very singular, however, in the propagation 
of the aphides. A female aphis once impreg- 
nated can produce young, which will conti- 
nue to produce others without any fresh im- 
pregnation, even to the tenth progeny ; after- 
wards a new impregnation must take place. 
The male insects, like male hawks, are. al- 
ways sutler than the females. 
In the propagation of their species they i 
are remarkably careful ; so that it is with 
the greatest difficulty the Hies are kept 
irom depositing their- eggs on fresh meat, the 
cabbage-butterfly from laying them on cab- 
bage, and other insects from depositing them 
in the several places peculiar to each. The 
scarabaeus pilularius and carnifex are deserv- 
ing ot our attention, as they afford a mutual 
assistance to eacli other : for when the female 
has laid her eggs in a little ball of dung, 
the males with their feet, which are axiform, 
assist the female to roll it to some suitable 
place ; as Aristotle and Pliny formerly, and 
Loefling has since remarked. 
A tact not a little wonderful is, that in the 
coccus and oniscus the female has no sooner 
brought forth her young than she is devoured 
by h j and that tiie sphex should b able so 
readily to kill the caterpillar of a moth, then I 
bury it in the earth, and there deposit her 
eggs in it. Nor can we without admiration 
behold the same species ot aphis, which was 
viviparous in the summer, become oviparous 
in the autumn. 
Almost innumerable examples might he 
brought of the singularities in the eggs of in- 
sects: we shall, however, only mention those 
of the hemerobius, which are deposited on a 
footstalk ; those ot the phak-na neustria, 
which are placed regularly in a ring round 
the branch of some tree ; and the compound 
eggs of the blatta, or cockroach. 
Of the metamorphoses of insects. 
Except those of the aptera class, there are 
no insects but what are continually undergo- 
ing some transformation. They change Inst 
from the (ovum) egg, into the (jarva) "cater- 
pillar, or maggot ; then into the (pupa) chry- 
salis ; and, lastly, into the (imago) fly, or 
perfect state. During eac h. of those change? 
their appearance differs most essentially. The 
insect, as soon as it came out of the egg, was 
by former entomologists called efuca ; but as 
this is synonymous with the botanic name si- 
symbrium, it was changed by Linnaeus for the 
term 
Larva ; a name expressive of the insect’s 
being, in this state, as it were masked, having 
its true appearance concealed. Under this 
mask or skin the entire insect, such as it af- 
terwards appears when perfect, lies conceal- 
ed, enveloped only in its tender wings, and 
putting on a soft and pulpy appearance ; in- 
somuen that Swammerdam was able to' de- 
monstrate the butterfly with its wings to exist 
in a caterpillar, though it bore but a faint re- 
semblance to its future perfection. The in- 
sect:, therefore, in this state, undergoes no 
other alteration but the change of its skin. 
The- larva: are, for the most part, larger than 
the insect when perfect, and are very vora- 
cious. The caterpillar of the cabbage-but- 
terfly eats double what it would seem to res- 
quire from its size; its growth, however., is 
not adequate to its voracity. 
Pupa. 'The insect in this state was former- 
ly called chrysalis, or aurelia; but as the 
appearance of gilding is confined to a few 
butterflies only, the term of pupa has been 
adopted in its stead ; because the lepidopte- 
ra, especially, resemble an infant in swad- 
dling-clothes ; and in this state. none, except 
those of the hemiptera class, take any nou- 
rishment. 
