E X C 
E X C 
as below*, viz. the excentricity of the 
orbit of 
Mercury 
Parts. 
210 
Venus 
7 
Earth 
17 
Mars 
93 
Jupiter 
48 
Saturn 
55 
Herschel 
- 47| 
Piazzi 
0,0364 
Miles. 
7.730.000 
482,000 
1 . 618.000 
1 3.45 6. 000 
2.3.760.000 
49.940.000 
86,000,000 
Double Excentricity, is the distance 
between the two foci of the elliptic orbit, and 
is equal to double the single excentricity 
above given. 
To find the excentricity of the earth’s orbit, 
and the place of the apsides. — Take an ob- 
servation of Mars when he is in opposition 
with the Sun, and then if Mars be in M 
( 1: late Miscel. tig. 87.) the Sun in S, and the 
Earth in T, they will be all in the same right 
line M T S. When Mars, after 687 davs, re- 
turns again to the same point M,and the Earth, 
not reaching the same till after 730^ days, in 
which time she completes two revolutions in 
her orbit, is found in the point A, observe 
the place of the Sun seen from the Earth by 
the right line AS, and the place of Mars 
seen by the right line A M. We have, there- 
fore, by means of the Sun’s place in E, at the 
time of the second observation, and his place 
in F, at the time of the first observation, 
the angle ESF given, to which the angle 
M S A is equal. And by knowing the place 
of the Sun and Mars in the 2d observation, we 
have the distance of Mars from the Sun, or 
the angle M A S. Jn the same manner may 
be found the angle M S B, and B S, the dis- 
tance of the Earth from the Sun in decimal 
parts of M S, when Mars returns a second 
time to M, and likewise the angle M SC, 
and the right line S C, when Mars returns a 
third time to M. Wherefore since the focus 
of the earth’s orbit is in S, and A, B, and C 
are points in that orbit, the line of the ap- 
sides will be determined, the orbit will be 
described, and consequently the excentricity 
will be known. The excentricity of all the 
primary planets, and the position of the line 
of apsides, may be found in the same manner, 
if three heliocentric places of the planet, to- 
gether with its true distance from the 
Sun, are known. But it must be observed, 
that we suppose that the planet, in the same 
point of its orbit, has the same distance from 
the Sun, which we may easily suppose on ac- 
count of the slowness of the motion of the 
aphelia. 
The excentricity of the moon’s orbit is 
about 3, 3 of the semi-diameter of the Earth, 
and now and then it grows greater and now 
and then it diminishes. It is greatest when 
the line ol the apsides is coincident with the 
syzvgia,or is in the line whichjoins the centres 
ot the Sun and Earth. And the excentricity 
is least when the line of the apsides cuts the 
other at right angles. The difference be- 
tween the greatest and least excentricity is 
so considerable, that it exceeds the half of 
the least excentricity. 
EXCEPTION in law, is a stop or stay to 
any action. In law proceedings, it is a' de- 
nial of a matter alleged in bar to an action; 
and in chancery, it is what is alleged against 
the sufficiency of an answer. 
Exception to evidence. At common 
Yol. I. 
law, a writ of error lay for an error -in law, 
apparent on the record, or for an error in 
fact, where either party died before judg- 
ment; yet it lay not for an error in law not 
appearing on the record. 2 Inst. 426. 
By the stat. of Westminster 2, when one 
impleaded before any of the justices, alleges 
an exception, praying they will allow it ; and 
if they will not, if he that alleges the ex- 
ception writes the same, and requires the 
justices will put thereto their seals ; the jus- 
tices shall so do: and if upon complaint 
made oi the justices, the king causes the re- 
cord to come before him, and the exception 
is not found in the roil, and the plaintiff 
shews the written exception, with the seal of 
the justices thereto put, the justice shall be 
commanded to appear at a certain day, either 
to confess or deny his seal, and if he cannot 
deny his seal, they shall proceed to judgment 
according to the exception, as it ought to be 
allowed or disallowed. 
The statute extends to the plaintiff as well 
as the defendant, also to him who comes in 
loco tenentis, as one that prays to be receiv- 
ed, or the vouchee ; and in all actions, whe- 
ther real, personal, or mixt. 2 Inst. 427. 
Exception in deeds and writings, the 
exception in a clause whereby the' donor, 
feoffer, grantor, or other person contracting, 
excepts or takes a particular thing out of a 
general thing granted or conveyed. The 
tiling excepted is exempted, and does not 
pass by the grant, neither is it parcel of 
the thing granted ; as if a manor be granted, 
excepting one acre, hereby in judgment 
of law, that acre is severed from the manor. 
1 Wood’s Convey. 241. Exception must be 
of such a thing as he who makes it may have, 
and does belong to him. It must not be 
the whole thing granted, but part thereof 
only. The thing excepted, must be part of 
the thing granted before, and not of some 
other thing. The thing excepted, must be 
such a thing as may be severed from the 
thing granted, and not inseparable incidents. 
It must be of a particular tiling out of a ge- 
neral, or of an entire thing, and not of a par- 
ticular out of a particular, or the whole thing 
itself granted. An exception must be con- 
formable to the grant, and not repugnant 
thereto ; and the thing excepted must be 
certainly described and set down. 
EXCESS, in arithmetic and geometry, is 
the difference between any two unequal 
numbers or quantities, or that which is left 
after the lesser is taken from or out of the 
greater. 
EXCIIANG E, in law, is a mutual grant 
of equal interests, the one in consideration of 
the other. 2 Black. 323. 
An exchange may be made of things that 
lie either in grant or in livery. But no 
livery of seisin, even in exchanges of free- 
hold, is* necessary to perfect the conveyance : 
tor each party stands in the place of the 
other, and occupies his right, and each of 
them lias already had corporal possession 
of lus own land. But entry must be made 
on both sides ; for if either party die before 
the entry, exchange is void, for want of suf- 
ficient notoriety. Id. 
In exchange, the estates of both parties' 
should be equal ; that is, if the one lias a 
fee-simple in the one land, the other should 
ha ve like estate in tiie other land : and if the 
©ne has fee- tail in the one land, the other 
4 P 
E X C C55 
ought to have the like estate in the other 
land : and so of other estates. But it is not 
• material in the exchange, that the lands be 
of equal value, but only that they be equal 
in kind and manner of the estate "given and 
taken. 1 Inst. 51. 
Exchanges, are carried on by merchants 
and bankers ali over Europe, and are trans- 
acted on the Royal Exchange of London, the 
Royal Exchange of Lublin, the Exchange of 
Amsterdam, and those of the principal cities 
of the continent. The mode of exchanging 
between one kingdom or nation and another, 
is, the one gives the certain price, and the' 
other the uncertain price ot exchange to 
each other: i. e. England gives the certain 
price, viz. one pound sterling, to France, for 
an uncertain number of livres to be paid or 
received there, and gives the same to I Ham- 
burgh, Holland, and the Netherlands, for an 
uncertain number ot schillings and pence 
Flemish, or of guilders and stivers ; and she 
gives the uncertain price, viz. an uncertain 
number of pence and parte of pence, to other 
nations : as for example, she gives from 60 d. 
to 70 d. (more or less) to Lisbon or Oporto 
for one of their milreis (or 1000 reis) ; from 
30 d. to 40d. to Madrid, Cadiz, iS:c. for their 
piastre or dollar; from 33d. to 55d. to 
Genoa and Leghorn for a pezzo, or dollar 
of 5 livres banco at Genoa, and 6 iivres at 
Leghorn; from 25d. to 4 3d. to Naples for 
a ducat of 10 cariins or 100 grains; from 
36d. to 5S</. to Venice for a ducato banco of 
24 grossi ; from 30d. to 40 d. to Petersburg 
for a rouble of 100 copecks; and to Dublin 
and ail parts of Ireland 100/. sterling for an un- 
certain number of pounds, shillings'^ and pence 
Irish, to be paid or received there, viz. from 
105/. up to 1 1 5/. Irish, as exchange may be. 
l ire par of exchange (or par pro pari) is 
the intrinsic value of the different species of 
money on the continent, equalized to (hose 
ef England, and vice versa; as for instance, 
the par of exchange between England and 
Iieland is 8^- per cent, or, in other words, 
108/. 6s. 8 d. Irish, are equal to 100/. Eng- 
lish ; the English shilling being current in 
that country for [3d. consequently the pound 
sterling is 1/. l.y. 8 d. therefore when the ex- 
change from London on Dublin is 12/. per 
cent, there is a profit or saving of 3/. I3.y. 4 d. 
per cent, on evqry 100/. sterling remitted to 
Ireland. 
The course of exchange is always fluctuat- 
ing, sometimes under, and sometimes over 
the par of exchange, and is chiefly governed 
by the balance ot trade being for or against 
the negotiating parties; so that when the 
exchange is above par, the balance of trade 
is certainly against them, and when it is 
under par, it is consequently in their favour. 
If London ships to Hamburgh merchandize 
to the amount of 500,000/. and at the same 
time Hamburgh ships to London goods or 
merchandize to only the amount of 300,000/. 
Hamburg!) can only discharge to the amount 
.ot 300,000/. by bills of exchange, and for the 
remaining balance of 200,000/.' she must pro- 
cure bills of exchange at the lowest possible 
premium elsewhere, in Order to liquidate the 
debt due to London, (as it' is not to be sup- 
posed thatllamburgh, being indebted to Lou- 
don, can furnish bills on equally good terms 
with another city hot indebted" to London): 
thus Hamburgh by paying a premium (of 
