EXCHANGE. 
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We shall now give some examples of the 
operations of exchange between London and 
those places with which she has a direct ex- 
change. 
N. B. When the price of exchange consists 
of shillings Flemish only, multiply the sum 
by 10 instead of 4Q, and multiply the price 
of exchange by 3 instead of 12, 
Moneys of exchange and regulations zcith 
regard to London. 
A pound — 20 shillings, or 240 pence 
A shilling =12 pence, or 48 farthings. 
Accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and 
pence : some reckon farthings. 
Value of usances for bills drawn from 
France, Hamburgh, and 
Holland 1 month after date. 
Portugal and Spain 2 months after date 
Italy 3 months after date 
There are three days of grace, which be- 
gin the day after the bills are due, and on 
the third day they must be paid or protest- 
ed. Bills due on Sunday must be paid or 
protested on Saturday: for those at sight, no 
days of grace are allowed. 
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London on Amsterdam. 
Reduce 4086 florins 4 stivers 6 penings 
banco into pounds, shillings, and pence ster- 
ling, at the exchange of 38 shillings 2 grotes 
Flemish banco per pound sterling. 
Here 1 florin = 40 grotes 
12 grotes = l shilling 
• 38 shill. 2 grot. = 1 pound. 
Rule. — Multiply 4086 4 6 by 4-0 grotes ; 
divide the product by 38 2, ’price of ex- 
change, and by 12 grotes. 
- 38' 2 4036 4 6 
12 40 
458 div. 163440 
for 4 stivers 8 
for 6 penings 
458)163448 £(356 17 6 result 
by common division. 
London on Dublin. 
Reduce 293 pounds 10 shillings 6 pence 
Irish into pounds, shillings, and pence Bri- 
tish, at the exchange of 1 4 per cent. 
1 14/. Irish = 100/. British. 
Rule. — Multiply 293 10 6 by 100, and di- 
vide the product by 1 14, price of exchange. 
293 10 6 
100 
29300 
for 10 shill. 50 
for 6 pence 2 10 
114)29352 10(257 9 6 result by 
common division. 
To prove this operation, that is, to calcu- 
late the exchange of Dublin on London, 
multiply 257 9 6 by 114, price of exchange, 
and divide the product by 100. 
N. B. British money is 8£ per cent, better 
than the Irish ; therefore 
12 pounds British = 13 pounds Irish. 
London on France. 
Reduce 3222 1 ivies 2 sols 9 deniers tour- 
nois into pounds, shillings, and pence ster- 
ling, at the exchange of 25 livres 14 sols tour- 
nois per pound sterling. 
Here 25 liv. 14 sols= 1 pound. 
Rule. — Divide 3222 2 9 by 25 14, price 
of exchange. 
25 14 3222 2 9 
20 fraction 20 fraction 
514 div. 514)64442 15(125 7 6 result. 
Reduce 2545 francs 41 cents into pounds, 
shillings, and pence sterling, at the exchange 
of 24 francs 80 cents per pound sterling. 
Here 24 francs 80 cents = 1 pound. 
Rule.— Divide 2545 41 by 24 80, price of 
exchange. 
2480)254541(102 12 9 result. 
London on Genoa. 
Reduce 1277 pezze 13 soldi 4 denari fuori 
di banco into pounds, shillings, and pence 
sterling, at the exchange ot 45 pence ster- 
ling, per pezza of 1 15 soldi fuori di banco. 
Here 1 pezza — 45 pence 
240 pence = 1 pound. 
Rule.— Multiply 1277 13 4 by 45, price 
of exchange, and divide the product by 240 
pence. 
1277 13 4 
45 
6385 
5108 
for 10 soldi - 22 10 
for 3 do. 4 denari 7 10 
12)57495 
20) 4791 3 
239 1 1 3 result. 
, London on Hamburgh. 
Reduce l4l6 marcs 1 shilling 6 fenings 
lubs banco into pounds, shillings, and pence 
4P 2 
sterling, at the exchange of 35 shillings 4 
grotes Flemish banco per pound sterling. 
Here 1 marc = 32 grotes 
12 grotes = 1 shilling 
35 shill. 4 grot. = 1 pound. 
Rule. — Multiply 1416 1 6 by 32 grotes; 
divide the product by 35 4, price of ex- 
change, and by 12 grotes. 
35 4 1416 1 6 
12 32 
424 div. 2832 
4248 
for 1 shilling - 2 
for 6 fenings - 1 
424)45315(106 17 6 result. 
N. B. When the price of exchange consists 
of shillings Flemish only, multiply the sum 
by 8 instead of 32, and multiply the price of 
exchange by 3 instead of 12. 
London on Leghorn. 
Reduce 664 pezze 7 soldi 6 denari of 8 
reals, into pounds, shillings, and pence ster- 
ling, at the exchange of 48 pence sterling 
per pezza of § reals. 
1 pezza = 48 pence 
240 pence = 1 pound. 
Rule. — Multiply 664 7 6 by 48, price of 
exchange, and divide the product by 240 
pence. 
664 7 6 
48 
5312 
2656 
for 5 soldi 12 
for 2 do. 6 den. 6 
12)31890 
20) 2657 6 
132 17 6 result. 
London on Naples. 
Reduce 1014 ducats 16 grains di regno 
into pounds, shillings, and pence sterling, at 
the exchange of 37£ pence sterling per ducat 
di regno. 
1 ducat = 37| pence 
240 pence = 10 pound. 
Rule. — Multiply 1014 16 by 37^ price of 
exchange, and divide the product by 240 
pence. 
1014 16 
37b 
709S 
3042 
for \ - - 507 
for 16 grains - 6 
1*2)38031 
20) 3169 3 
158 9 3 result. 
London on Portugal „ 
Reduce 566880 reis into pounds, shillings, 
and- pence sterling, at the exchange of 62 § 
pence per rail reis. 
1000 reis = 62^ pence 
240 pence = 1 pound. 
