FAC 
FAG 
FAG 
og'i 
that all the maculae degenerate into faculae 
before they quite disappear. Many authors, 
after Kircner and Scheiner, have represented 
the sun’s body full of bright, fiery spots, 
which they conceive to be a sort of volcanoes 
in the body of the sun; but Huygens, and 
others of the latest and best observers, find- 
ing that the best telescopes discover nothing 
of the matter, agree entirely to explode the 
phenomena of faculce. All the foundation 
Jie could see for the notion of faculie, he says, 
was, that in the darkish clouds which fre- 
quently surround the maculae, there are some- 
limes seen little points or sparks brighter 
than the rest. 
FACULTY, in law, a privilege granted 
to a person, by favour and indulgence, of do- 
ing what, by law, he ought not to do. For 
granting these privileges there is a court un- 
der the archbishop of Canterbury, called the 
court of the faculties, the chief officer : of 
which is styled master of the faculties, who 
has a power of granting dispensations in di- 
vers cases : as to marry without the bans being 
first published ; to ordain a deacon under 
age ; for a son to succeed his father in his 
benefice ; a clerk to hold two or more livings. 
See. 
Faculty, in the schools, a term applied 
to the different members of an university, di- 
vided according to the arts and sciences 
taught there : thus in most universities there 
are four faculties, viz. 1. Of arts, which in- 
clude humanity and philosophy. 2. Of theo- 
logy- 3. Of physic. And, 4. Of civil law. 
The degrees in the several faculties in our 
universities are those of bachelor, master, 
and doctor. 
Faculty of advocates, a term ap- 
plied to the college or society of advocates 
in Scotland, who plead in all actions before 
the court of session. They meet in the be- 
ginning of every year, and choose the annual 
officers of the society, viz. dean, treasurer, 
clerks, private and public examinators, and 
a curator of their library. The manner of 
admission into the faculty of advocates is by 
a trial in the civil law, and Scotch law : the 
person desiring to be admitted having, upon 
petition, obtained a recommendation to the 
dean of the faculty, he gives a remit to the 
private examinators, who are, nine in num- 
ber, and who, after their election, having di- 
vided the body of the civil law into nine 
parts, each taking one, appo'nt a diet for ex- 
amination : in this diet there must be at least 
seven present, each of whom examines the 
candidate ; and the question being afterwards 
put, Qualified, yea or no ? they give their 
opinion by balloting, upon which the candi- 
date is either admitted by signing his peti- 
tion, or remitted to his studies. After the 
private trial the dean of the faculty assigns 
the candidate a title of the civil law, for the 
subject of a thesis ; which being distributed 
among the advocates, the faculty meet on a 
day appointed, when three at least of fifteen 
public examinators dispute against the thesis ; 
and afterwards the faculty gi ve their opinions 
by balloting, as in the private trial. If the 
candidate is found qualified, the dean assigns 
him a law for an harangue before the lords ; 
which harangue being made, he is admitted a 
member of the faculty, upon paying the fees, 
taking the oaths , to tire government, and an 
oajh to be faithful in his office. 
Faculty is also used to denote the pow- 
ers of the human mind, viz. understanding, 
will, memory, and imagination. 
FfiECES, in chemistry, the gross matter, or 
sediment, that settles at the bottom after dis- 
tillation, fermentation, &c. 
FJECULA. See Gluten. 
FAGARA, iron wood, a genus of themo- 
nogynia order, in tire tetrandria class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under t he 43d order, dumosse. The calyx is 
quadrilid, the corolla tetrapetalous, and the 
capsule bivalved and inonospermous. There 
are 10 species, all natives of the warm parts 
of America, rising with woody stems more 
than 20 feet high. They are propagated by 
seeds ; but in this country must be kept con- 
tinually in a stove. 
FAGG, in the sea language, a term given 
to the end of those strands which do not go 
through the tops, when a cable or rope is 
closed. 
FAGONIA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the decandria class of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking under the 1 4th 
order, gruinales. The calyx is pentaphyl- 
lous ; the petals are five, and heart-shaped ; 
the capsule is quinquelocular, ten-valved, 
with the cells inonospermous. There are 
three species, herbaceous plants of Spain, 
Crete, and Arabia. 
FAGRJEA, a genus of the class and or- 
der pentandria monogynia. The calyx is 
bell-shaped; corolla funnel-shaped; berry 
two-celled, fleshy, seeds globular; stigma 
peltate. There is one species, a shrub of 
Ceylon. 
FAGUS, the b:rch-trec, a genus of the 
polyandria order, in the moncecia class of 
plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 50th order, amentace*. The male 
calyx is quinquefid and cainpanulated ; there 
is no corolla; the stamina are 12; the fe- 
male calyx is quinquedentated ; there is no 
corolla ; there are three styles ; the capsule 
(formerly the calyx) is muricated and qua- 
d rival ved ; the seeds two in number. There 
are live species. The most remarkable are, 
1. The sylvatica, or beech- tree, rises 60 
or 70 feet high, and has a proportionable 
thickness, branching upward into a fine re- 
gular head, with oval serrated leaves, with 
flowers in globular catkins, succeeded by an- 
gular fruit called mast. 
2. The castanea, or chesnut-tree, has a 
large upright trunk growing 40 or 50 feet 
high, branching regularly round into a fine 
spreading head, with large spear-shaped 
acutely serrated leaves, naked on the under 
side, having flowers in long amentums, suc- 
ceeded by round prickly fruit, containing 
two or more nuts. 
3. The pumila, dwarf chesnut-tree, or 
chinkapin, rises eight or ten feet high, with a 
branching shrubby stem, and oval spear-shap- 
ed and acutely serrated leaves, hoary on the 
under side. 
The first species is very easily raised from 
the mast or seed. “ For woods (says Evelyn) 
the beech must be governed as the oak ; in 
nurseries as the ash: sowing the masts in 
autumn, or later, even after January, or ra- 
ther nearer the spring, to preserve them from 
vermin, which are very great devourers of 
them. But they are likewise to be planted of 
young seedlings, to be drawn out of the places 
where the fruitful trees abound. Millar says, 
the season for sowing the masts “ is any time 
from October to February, only observing to 
secure the seeds from vermin when early 
sowed ; which, if carefully done, the sooner 
they are sown the better after they are fully 
ripe.” Hanbury orders a sufficient quantity 
of masts to be gathered about the middle of 
September, when they begin to fall: these 
are to be “spread upon a mat in an airy 
place six days to dry ; and after that yon 
may either proceed to sow them immediately, 
or you may put them up in bags in order to 
sow them nearer the spring : as they will 
keep very well, and there will be less danger 
of having them destroyed by mice or other 
vermin, by which kinds of animals they are 
greatly relished.” They must be sown in 
beds properly prepared, about an inch deep. 
In the first spring many of the young plants 
will appear, whilst others will not come up 
till the spring following. Having stood two 
years in the seminary, they should be remov- 
ed to the nursery, where they may remain 
till wanted. 
The propagation of the second species is 
also chiefly from seeds. Evelyn says, “ Let 
the nuts be first spread to sweat, then cover 
them in sand ; a month being past, plunge 
them in water, and reject the swimmers ; be- 
ing dried for 30 days more, sand them again, 
and to the water-ordeal as before. Being 
thus treated until the beginning of spring or 
in November, set them as you would beans; 
and, as some practise it, drenched for a 
night or more in new milk ; but with half this 
preparation they need only to be put into the 
holes with the point upwards, as you plant 
tulips. If you design to set them in winter 
or autumn, I counsel you to inter them in 
their husks, which being every way armed, 
are a good protection against the mouse, and 
a providential integument.” — “ Being come 
up, they thrive best unremoved, making a 
great stand for at least two years upon every 
transplanting; yet if you must alter their 
station, let it be done about November.” 
Millar cautions us against purchasing foreign 
nuts that have been kiln-dried, which (he 
says) is generally done to prevent their 
sprouting in their passage ; therefore he 
adds, “ If they cannot be procured fresh, 
from the tree, it will be much better to use 
those of the growth of England, which are 
full as good to sow for timber or beauty as any 
of the foreign nuts, though their fruit is much 
smaller.” He also recommends preserving 
them in sand, and proving them in water. In 
setting these seeds or nuts, he says, “ The 
best way is to make a drill with a hoe (as is 
commonly practised for kidney-beans), about 
four inches deep, in which you should place 
the nuts, at about four inches distance, with 
their eye uppermost ; then draw the earth 
over them with a rake, and make a second 
drill at about a foot distance from the former, 
proceeding as before, allowing three or four 
rows in each bed. In April (he does not 
mention the time of sowing) these nuts Will 
appear above ground ; you must therefore 
observe to keep them clear from weeds, es- 
pecially while young: in these beds they may 
remain for two years, wheu you should re- 
move them into a nursery at a wider distance. 
The best time for transplanting these trees is 
either in October, or the end of Febru- 
ary, but October is the best season : the 
distance these should have in the nursery is 
three feet row from row, and one foot in the 
