the bat-shoe, if it is necessary to work the 
horse. 
The sand-crack is a cleft in the external 
part of the hoof, either vertical or with the 
grain, occasioned by too great dryness in 
course, and to be prevented by the opposite. 
Rest the horse, bind the hoof, pare and dress 
the part. Gibson, in some cases, used the cau- 
tery moderately heated. 
The quittor, in French javart, is a hard 
round lump or excrescence on the coronet, 
between hair and hoof, on the one or the 
other, but usually on the inside quarter of the 
foot ; confirmed, it is a very bad case, gene- 
rally inducing in the cure the ill consequence 
of a false quarter or seam adown the foot, 
from loss of substance; subsequently to which 
the horse is seldom, perhaps never, rightly 
sound. The founder of the foot is probably 
rheumatic, or at least often originates in a 
similar cause. 
Mallenders afe chinks or clefts behind the 
knees of the fore-legs ; sallenders are the 
same defect in the hinder legs. They dis- 
charge matter, which must be treated with 
thorough ablution, repellents, and mercurial 
washes or unguents, internal alteratives or 
purges being also administered. Wash tho- 
roughly with a linen rag and soap-suds warm 
the wound of the broken knee, in order to 
discharge the gravel or dirt which may have 
intruded. Bathe with brandy, or bind upon 
the part tow dipped in tincture of myrrh and 
brandy. In case of swelling, it may be useful 
to poultice, and afterwards bathe with brandy 
and vinegar warm. Sheet-lead bandaged 
on the part may make the hair grow smooth. 
Lameness in the shoulder is comparatively 
a very rare occurrence, notwithstanding which 
grooms and farriers in general, from a decep- 
tio visas, and not being skilled iii a manual 
detection of affections of the parts, generally 
imagine every lameness to exist in the shoul- 
der. In an obvious and real lameness of the 
shoulder, during the tension and inflamma- 
tion, rowelling is necessary, with spirituous 
and astringent fomentations ; but that which 
is of far the greatest consequence, sufficient 
time to rejiose at grass. 
Strains in the Loins and couplings. — A 
strengthening charge and embrocation may 
have some good effect; but remaining at rest 
abroad, for a considerable length of time, is 
the only cure when the case is curable. 
Lameness of the hip or whirlbone, and of 
the stifle-hone, similar to ike small cramp- 
bone in a leg of mutton. — In the former case 
1 the symptoms are, swinging of the limb, or 
its being longer than naturally: in trotting, 
the horse drops backward upon the heel. 
Time and rest, with applications as above, 
cure a recent case of this kind; but from 
neglect it becomes incurable. The whirl- 
bone, or hip, is sometimes depressed or beat 
down by violence, and so remains the horse, 
yet continuing useful. A ltiare in this state, 
thence called slip, even-raced. On lame- 
ness of the stifle, Snape says, “ It is worth 
the dissector’s taking notice of these three 
last muscles, how they are joined all in one, 
just at their crossing the stifle, where they 
make one broad and very strong tendon, 
which spreads over and involves the patella, 
or little hone of the stifle, and ties it so fas: 
injts place, upon the jointing of the thigh- 
bone with the tibia, that it is very seldom dis- 
FARRIERY. 
placed, or indeed never. Ror although by 
distensions or strains we oft<;n have this part 
affected, yet never did I see an absolute dis- 
location in it. The patella indeed may be, 
and often is, Wrenched either to one side or 
the other, as the accident may happen.” 
Cure consists in rest, and the usual treat- 
ment of strains : the tumour will sometimes, 
but rarely, suppurate, which is a present 
remedy. 
Teeth and age of the horse. — The horse 
has forty' teeth: twenty-four double teeth or 
grinders, four tushes or single teeth, and 
twelve front teeth or gatherers. Mares in 
general have no tushes. The black marks 
’ or cavities, which denote the age, are to be 
found in the corner front teetli, adjoining the 
tushes. Homed cattle have similar marks 
in the teeth. At four years and a half old, 
the mark- teeth are just visible above the 
gum, and the cavity is very conspicuous. At 
live, the horse sheds his remaining colt’s 
teetli, and his tushes appear. At six, his 
tushes are up, and appear white, small, and 
sharp ; near which is observable a small 
circle of young, growing, flesh : the hofseV 
mouth is then complete, and the corner teeth 
filled up. At seven years old, the two mid- 
dle teeth fill up. At eight, the black marks 
vanish, and the horse’s mouth is said to be 
full, and himself aged. The French farriers 
aver that the marks remain in the teeth of 
the upper jaw until the horse is twelve years 
ot age; but we believe this to be fortuitous. 
r Ihe lampas, from the Latin lampascus, 
is an inflammation and tumour of the first 
bar of the young horse’s mouth, adjoining 
the upper tore teeth, which prevent his 
chewing. If scalded mashes, warm gruel, 
Glauber’s salts in the water, and bleeding, do 
not remove the inconvenience in a week, 
lightly cauterize the tumid parts, without 
penetrating deep enough to scale off the thin 
bone beneath the upper bars. Wash with 
salt and water first, afterwards heal with a 
mixture of honey and brandy or port wine. 
La Fosse and others have denied the exist- 
ence of this slight malady; but we have wit- 
nessed it repeatedly. We have also seen 
the haw in the eye, and the probability of its 
obstructing the sight, with its successful ex- 
cision, a very small part of the substance 
being extirpated ; the proper rule, should 
excision ever be recurred to, in truth a mat- 
ter of doubt, as a painful operation. The 
haw is a preternatural enlargement and spon- 
gfuiess of the caruncle, a fleshy substance in 
the inner corner of the eye, causing the liga- 
ment which runs along the verge of the mem- 
brane to compress the eye-ball like a hoop. 
Shoeing. — The veterinarian who is ambi- 
tious of being thoroughly grounded in this 
important branch of his- art, should study at- 
tentively the principles and rules of La Fosse, 
Bourgelat, and Osiner, comparing them with 
what has been since written by Mr. Clarke, 
and the professors Saintbel and Coleman. 
One or two of the antients have mentioned 
the iron shoe, but it did not probably come 
into general use in Europe until the fifteenth 
century. It has been often hinted that 
dorses might be accustomed to labour with- 
out shoes, and that exposure- to the hard 
ground would render their soles obdurate, a 
consequence which is also pretended to re-' 
tilt from their standing upon a hard, unlit- 
,.ered pavement, with abundance of similar 
703 
and futile sophistry. The distressing acci- 
dents which have happened from the loss of 
a shoe, in consequence of which, from a few 
hours speedy travel by night, the hoof has 
been worn away to the very bones of the 
foot, are a full and lamentable answer to such, 
follies. Indeed, in hot and dry countries, 
where the hoof is naturally hard, and the 
exertions of the horse very limited, compared 
with those .he undergoes in this country, he 
is perhaps generally ridden without shoes. 
In the Welsh mountains tins is alsd occasion- 
ally practised : but upon our roads, particu- 
larly in wet weather and in winter, the walls, 
sole, and frog, would he rubbed away and to- 
tally destroyed, granting the practice was 
used with a young and perfect foot, which, 
never knew the protection of a shoe; nor 
have we any horses but would flinch under 
such an exposure of their feet. 
A young and perfect foot has a firm and. 
level bearing upon the circular crust or wall,, 
and the frog, which however is an elastic sub- 
stance, and the fulcrum or rather cushion of 
the main tendon. The frog is yet not a solid 
and steady support, but springs or contracts 
on touching the ground. In some very con- 
cave feet, of bred cattle particularly, the frog 
is not of sufficient bulk to reach the ground ; 
and in thousands of horses shod by common 
farriers, the case is similar, from the part 
being reduced by constant wear and paring, 
and by the improper height of the shoe-heels : 
yet the frog does its office, although surely 
not in so perfect a way. In general, the foot 
should be suffered to retain its natural form 
and substance on applying the shoe, the toe- 
only being shortened, the walls or crust pared, 
even, the sole, bars or binders, and frog, be- 
ing left intire, bating a little trimming away 
of loose and decaying substance : instead of 
which, the common farriers pare the sole 
without mercy, almost extirpate the frog to • 
make it appear neat, and cut away ahevery 
shoeing half the substance of the bars in or- 
der to open the heels,, the direct way to shut 
them up, or narrow them; since one great 
use of the frog and bars is that of an inter- 
posing substance to keep the heels open and 
spreading. It must yet be acknowledged,, 
that some naturally tough, thick, and quick- 
growing soles may require paring, or they 
otheru ise are inconvenient, and produce un- 
easy sensations in the horse; but this is per- 
haps never the case with respect to the frog,, 
which, coming- in constant contact with the- 
ground, would always be thereby sufficiently 
reduced. As there are too many hoofs with- 
thin and weak walls or. crusts, in which it is - 
difficult for the smith to find nail-hold, and, 
from which, by consequence scarcely an atom., 
can be spared to the paring-knife, so there- 
are others of the concave and deep kinds, in 
which the surrounding edges or crusts are so. 
high and tough, that it is absolutely necessary 
and salutary to the foot to soften it by paring 
them, down occasionally, bringing the pit- 
tance of a frog nearer to trie ground, dispos- 
ing it to enlarge and thereby expand the ■ 
narrow and wiry heels. 
A shoe should be so formed, that the horse 
may stand. steady and firm upon his natural 
level, nainelv to bear equally upon the toe 
gnd the surrounding Wall or crest ; the frog, 
i in its perfect and natural state, touching, 
the ground. The shoe-heels may be reduced-, 
iu substance, in order to. enable a Irog, cL-- 
