FAS 
FAT 
FAT 
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AAAAAA. The colon, with its various cir- 
cumvolutions and windings, together with 
its numerous folds, and under which lie the 
small intestiius. 
P. The ccecum, or blind gut. 
The rectum. 
Figure 3. — Shews the horny sole a raised 
from the fleshy sole c cc \ round which is 
the enchannelUd flesh y, placed in tlie ful- 
cusof the inn ;r surlace of the hoof, the 
horny part of which is soft and white. 
Figure 4. — Re{ resents the under part of 
the fleshy sole r, raised from the foot-bone, 
■or coflin-bone, i dd\ g the covering or 
sheath of the tcndo Achillis; z the carti- 
lage ; >/ the edge of the fleshy sole confined 
in the furrow of the channelled horny sub- 
stance. 
Figures 5 and 6. — Give the bottom or base of 
the foot ; a a a the horny sole ; l > the frog; 
z the hoof towards its lower edge, called 
the crust or wall of the foot. 
Figures 7 and 8. Modern shoes. 
FARTHING of gold, a coin used in an- 
tient times, containing in value tire fourth 
part of a noble, or 20 d. silver. It is men- 
tioned in the stat. 9 Hen. V. cap. 7. where 
it is enacted, that tlijre shall be good and just 
weight of the noble, half-noble, and farthing 
of gold. 
Farthing of land, seems to differ from 
FARDiNG-dea/; for in a survey-book of the 
manor of West-Hapton, in Devonshire, there 
is an entry thus: A. 15. holds six farthings of 
land at 126/. per aim. So that the farthing 
of land must have been a considerable quan- 
tity, far more than a rood. 
FASCES, in Roman antiquity, axes bound 
up together with rods or staves, and carried 
before the Roman magistrates as a badge of 
their authority and oiiice. The use of the 
fasces was introduced by the elder Tarquin, 
as a mark of sovereign authority: in after- 
times they were borne before the consuls, but 
bv turns only, each his day. They had 
twelve of them carried by so many lictors. 
After the consuls, the pnetors assumed them, 
and Censorinus observes they had only two, 
though Plutarch and Polybius give them six. 
in the government of the decemviri, it was 
the practice at first for only two of them to 
have the fasces. Afterwards each of them 
had twelve, in the same manner as the kings. 
FA SC EPS, in the art of making glass, are 
the irons thrust into the mouths of bottles, in 
order to convey them into the annealing 
tower. 
FASCLE, in astronomy, certain parts on 
Jupiter’s body resembling belts or swaths. 
Tiiev are more lucid than the rest of that 
planet, and are terminated by parallel lines, 
sometimes broader, and sometimes narrower. 
Mr. Huygens observed a fascia in Mars much 
broader than those in Jupiter, and possessing 
the middle part of his disk, but very obscure. 
FASCINES, in fortification, faggots of 
small wood of about a toot diameter, and six 
feet long, bound in the middle, and at both 
ends. See Fortification. 
FASCIOLA, in zoology, tine fluke or 
GOURD worm: a genus of insects of the 
order of vermes intestina; of which the cha- 
racters are these: The holy is llattMh, and 
has a vent-hole ut the extremity and on tire- 
b ;!y. There are several species. 1. The 
M y or liver-fluke, grows to. two-thirds on 
an inch in length, though it is more usually 
met with not half that size; and its breadth is 
nearly equal to two-thirds of its length. It is 
flatfish, but somewhat rounded on the back, 
and has about eight deep longitudinal furrows 
in two series; its skin is soft and whitish, with 
a tinge of brown. The hinder part is round- 
ed, the fore part is furnished with a large 
mouth. It bears some resemblance to the 
seed of the common gourd, whence it has ac- 
quired the name of the gourd worm. It is 
found in fresh waters, in ditches, at the roots 
of stones, sometimes in the intestines, and 
often in the substance of the other viscera in 
quadrupeds. It often infests the liver of 
sheep, and on that account is called hepatica. 
Bags with salt in them should be placed in 
the fold, that sheep might lick them, which is 
a good remedy. 2. '1 he intestinalis, or in- 
testinal fluke, is of a long slender form, if ex- 
tended ; when contracted, of a suboval form ; 
inhabits the intestines of fresh-water fish, es- 
pecially the bream. 3. The barbata, is 
white, with transverse papillae in the mouth. 
It is of an oblong shape, and about the size of 
a cucumber-seed. 
FASHION-PIECES, in the sea language, 
are two compassing pieces of timber, into 
which is fixed on each side the transom. 
FASTERMANS, among our Saxon an- 
cestors, were pledges or bondsmen, who were 
answerable for each others’ good behaviour. 
FASTI, in Roman antiquity, the calendar 
wherein were expressed the several days of 
the year, with their feasts, games, and other 
ceremonies. There were two sorts of fasti, 
the greater and less ; the former being dis- 
tinguished by the appellation of fasti magis- 
trates, and the latter by that of fasti calen- 
dars. The greater fasti contained the feasts, 
with every thing relating to religion and the 
magistrates. The lesser were again distin- 
guished into the city and country fasti, each 
adapted to the people for whom they were 
designed. In all these fasti, the court-days, 
or those whereon causes might be heard and 
determined, were marked with the letter F; 
these days were called fasti, from fari, to 
speak or pronounce ; and the other days, not 
marked with this letter, were called nefasti. 
Fasti consulares, was also a tablet, or. 
chronicle, wherein the several years were de- 
noted by the respective consuls, with the 
principal events that happened during their 
consulship. And hence, the term fasti is still 
applied to the archives and public registers 
of a nation. 
FAR’, in anatomy, an oleaginous or buty- 
raceous matter, secreted from the blood, and 
filling up the cavity of the adipose cells. 
Fat, in chemistry. See Oil. 
Fat, in the sea language, signifies the same 
with broad. Thus a ship is said to have a fat 
quarter, if the trussing in or tuck of her quar- 
ter is deep. 
Fat, perhaps properly vat (vas or vessel), 
denotes likewise an uncertain measure of 
capacity. Thus a fat of isinglass contains 
from 3| hundred-weight to four hundred- 
weight; a fat of unbound books, half a maund, 
or four bales ; of wire, from 20 to 25 hundred- 
weight ; and ofyarn, from 220 to 221 bundles. 
FATA Morgana, a very remarkable 
aerial phenomenon, which is sometimes ob- 
served from the harbour of Messina and ad- 
jacent places, at a certain height in the atmo- 
sphere. The name, which signifies the Fairy 
I Morgana, is derived from an opinion of the 
! superstitious Sicilians, that the whole spec- 
j taele is produced by fairies, or such-like vi- 
; sionary invisible beings. The populace are 
delighted whenever it appears; and run 
about the streets shouting for joy, walling 
; every body out to partake of the glorious 
; sight. 
T his singular meteor has been described 
, by various authors ; but the first who men- 
tioned it with any degree of precision was 
father Angelucci, whose account is thus quot- 
j ed by Mr. Swinburne in Ins Tour through 
I Sicily: “ On the 15 th of August, 1643, as I 
j stood at my window, I was surprised with a 
! most wonderful delectable vision. The sea 
that washes the Sicilian shore swelled up and 
I became, for ten miles in length, like a chain 
| of dark mountains ; while the waters near our 
i Calabrian coast grew quite smooth, and in an 
j instant appeared as one clear polished 'mirror, 
! reclining against the ridge. ’ On this glass 
j was depicted, in chiaro-scuro, a string of se- 
I veral thousand of pilasters, all equal in altitude, 
: distance, and degree of light and shade. In 
a moment they lost half their height, and bent 
] into arcades, like Roman aqueducts. A long 
cornice was next formed on the top, and 
above it rose castles innumerable, all perfectly 
alike. These soon split into towers, which 
were shortly after lost in colonnades, then 
windows, and at last ended in pines, cypresses, 
and other trees, even and similar. This is 
the Fata Morgana, which for twenty-six years 
I had thought a mere fable.’’ 
To produce this pleasing deception,, many 
circumstances must concur, which are not 
known to exist in any other situation. The 
spectator must stand with his back to the east, 
in some elevated place behind the city, that 
lie may command a view of the whole bay * 
beyond which the mountains of Messina rise 
like a wall, and darken the back-ground of 
the picture. The winds must be hushed, the 
surface quite smooth, the tide at its height, 
and the waters pressed up by currents to a 
great elevation in the middle of the channel. 
All these events coinciding, as soon as the 
sun surmounts the eastern hills behind Reg- 
gio, and rises high enough to form an angle of 
45 degrees on the water before the city, 
every object existing or moving at Reggio 
will be repeated a thousandfold upon "this 
marine looking-glass; which, by its tremu- 
lous motion, is in a manner cut into facets. 
Each image will pass rapidly off in succession 
as the day advances, and the stream carries 
down the wave on which it appeared. Thus 
the parts of this moving picture will vanish 
in the twinkling of an eye. Sometimes the 
air is at that moment so impregnated with 
vapours, and undisturbed by winds, as to re- 
flect objects in a kind of aerial screen, rising 
about 30 feet above tlie level of the sea. In 
cloudy heavy weather they are drawn on the 
surface of the water, bordered with fine pris- 
malical colours. 
To the above account we shall add the fol- 
low ing, by another observer: “ In fine sum- 
mer days, when the weather is calm, there 
rises above the great current a vapour, which- 
acquires a certain density, so as to form in 
the atmosphere horizontal prisms, w hose sides 
are disposed in such a manner, that when 
they come to their proper degree of perfec- 
tion, they reflect and represent successively, 
for some time, (like a moveable mirror) the. 
7, 
