7U FLE 
form (see Fibrin a) ; and that they contain 
also 
2. Albumen 
3. Gelatine 
4. Extractive 
5. Phosphat of soda 
6. Phosphat of ammonia 
7. Phosph. of lime and carb. of ditto. 
For the discovery of the last ingredients we 
are indebted to Mr. Hatchett, who found 
that 500 parts of beef-muscle left, after com- 
bustion, a residuum of 25.6 parts, consisting 
chiefly of these salts. When muscles are 
long boiled in water., Mr. Hatchett found 
that the greater part of the phosphat of lime, 
as well as of the alkaline phosphats, was dis- 
solved ; for the muscle, after this treatment, 
•when dissolved in nitric acid, yielded scarcely 
any phosphat of lime ; whereas if it was Ab- 
solved directly in nitric acid, a precipitate of 
..phosphat of lime was thrown down by am- 
monia. Hence it would appear, either that 
the phosphat of lime is united to gelatine, or 
that it is rendered soluble by means of it. 
The carbonat of lime still remains after the 
action of water, and is converted into oxalat 
when the muscle is treated with nitric acid. 
The muscles of different animals differ ex- 
ceedingly from each other in their appear- 
ance and properties, at least as articles of 
food; but we know little of their chemical 
‘differences. The observations of Thouvenel 
alone were directed to that object, and they 
are imperfect. The flesh of the ox contains, 
-according, to him, the greatest quantity of in- 
soluble matter, and leaves the greatest resi- 
duum when dried : the flesh of the calf is 
more aqueous and mucous : the land and 
water turtle yields more matter to water than 
the muscle of the ox ; but Thouvenel as- 
cribes the difference to foreign bodies, as liga- 
ments, &c. mixed with the muscle of the 
'turtle: snails yield to water a quantity of 
matter intermediate between that given bv 
beef and veal : with them the muscles of 
.frogs, cray fish, and vipers, agree nearly in 
this respect; but the muscles of fresh-water 
fish, notwithstanding their softness, yield a 
• considerably smaller proportion. 
When meat is boiled, it is obvious that the 
gelatine, the extractive, and a portion of the 
salts, will be separated, while the coagulated 
albumen and fibrina will remain in a solid 
state. Hence the flavour and the nourishing 
nature of soups is derived from the extractive 
and gelatine. When meat is roasted, on the 
-other hand, all these substances continue in it, 
and the taste and odour of the extractive are 
greatly heightened by the action ef the fire. 
Hence the superior flavour of roasted meat. 
FLEVILLEA, a genus of the hexandria 
order, in the dioecia class of plants. The 
male calyx and corolla are quinquefid ; tire 
stamina five; the nectarium five converging 
filaments. The female calyx is quinquefid ; 
-there are three styli ; the fruit a hard trilo- 
■ cular barky apple. 
FLEXIBLE, in physics, a term applied to 
bodies capable of being bent or diverted 
from their natural figure or direction. 
FLEXION, in anatomy, is applied to the 
motion by which the arm or any other mem- 
ber of the body is bent. It is also applied to 
<the muscles, nerves, &c. 
Flexion, or Jlexure of curves. See the 
article Flexure. 
F L I 
FLEXOR. See Anatomy. 
FLEXURE of curves, in the higher 
geometry, is used to signify that a curve is 
both concave and convex, with respect to a 
given right line. 
FLIGHT, is evading the course of justice, 
by a man’s voluntarily withdrawing himself. 
■On an accusation of "treason or felony, or 
even of petty larceny, if the jury find that 
the party flecl for the same, he shall forfeit his 
goods and chattels, although lie be acquitted 
of the offence ; for the very flight itself is 
an offence, carrying with it a strong pre- 
sumption of guilt, and is at least an endea- 
vour to elude and stifle the course of justice 
prescribed by the law. But now the jury 
very seldom find the flight ; such forfeiture 
being look ed upon, since the vast increase of 
personal property, as too large a penalty for 
an offence, to which a man is prompted bv 
the natural love of liberty. 4 Black. 387. 
FLINT. See Silica. 
Flint, a stone very useful in modern 
war, is found in pieces of different sizes, and 
usually of .a figure more or less globular, 
commonly among chalk, and often arranged 
in some kind of order. 
Its texture is compact. Its fracture smooth, 
conchoidal. d lie stones are always covered 
by a white crust. Specific gravity from 2.58 
to 2.63. Colour varies from honey-yellow 
to brownish-black. Very brittle, and" splits 
into splinters in every direction. Two pieces 
of flint rubbed smartly together phospho- 
resce, and emit a peculiar odour. When 
heated it decrepitates, and becomes white 
and opaque. When exposed long to the 
air it often becomes covered with a white 
crust. A specimen of flint analysed by Kla- 
proth contained, 
98.00 silica, 
.50 lime, 
.25 alumina, 
0.25 oxide of iron, 
1.00 water. 
100.00 
Vauquelin obtained from another, 
97 silica, 
1 alumina and iron. 
98. 
Another specimen analysed by Dolomieu 
was composed of, 
97 silica, 
1 alumina, and oxide of iron 
2 water.. 
too. 
The whole crust with which flint is enve- 
loped consists of the same ingredients, and a 
little carbonat of lime. Water is essential to 
flint; for when it is separated by heat the 
stone loses its properties. 
I he manufacture of gun-flints is chiefly 
confined to England, and two or three de- 
partments of France. The operation is ex- 
ceedingly simple, and a good workman will 
make 1000 flints a day. The whole art con- 
sists in striking the stone repeatedly with a 
kind of mallet, and bringing off at each 
stroke a splinter, sharp at one end, and 
thicker at the other. The splinters are after- 
wards shaped at pleasure, by laying the line 
FLO 
at which it is wished they should break, upon 
a sharp, instrument, and then giving it small 
blows with a mallet. 
k LOAT of a fishing-line, the cork or 
qiufl that floats or swims above the water. 
. Float also signifies a certain quantity of 
timber bound together with rafters athwart, 
and put into a river to be conveyed down the 
stream ; and even sometimes to carry bur- 
dens down a river with the stream. 
k loat-boards, those boards fixed to wa- 
ler- wheels ot undershot mills, serving to re- 
ceive the impulse of the stream, whereby the 
wheel is carried round. Bee Millwork . 
FLOOD, among seamen, is when the tide 
begins to come up, or the water begins to 
rise : then they call it young flood ; after 
which it is quarter-flood, half-flood, and 
high-flood. 
Flood-mark, the mark which the sea 
makes on the shore, at flowing-water, and the 
highest tide: it is also called high-water 
mark. 
k LOOKING, among miners, a term used 
to express a peculiarity in the load of amine. 
The load or quantity of ore is frequently ii> 
-tercepted in its course, by the erossing of a 
vein of earth or stone, or some different me- 
tallic substance ; in which case. the load is 
moved to one side, and this transient part of 
the land is called a hooking. 
FLORIN, is sometimes used for a coin, 
and sometimes for a money of account. 
kloiin, as a coin, is of different values* 
according to the different metals and different 
countries where it is struck. The gold flo- 
rins are most of them of a very coarse allov, 
some of them not exceeding thirteen or 
fourteen carats, and none of them seventeen 
and a halt. As to silver florins, those of 
Holland are worth about 1.?. 8 d. : those of 
Genoa were worth 8 Ji/. sterling. See Coin. 
bLORINIANS, for ini an i, in church his- 
tory, a sect of heretics of the second cen- 
tury, so denominated from their leader Flo- 
nnus, who made God the author of evil 
They are a species of the gnostics, but deny 
the judgment and resurrection, and hold that 
our Saviour was not born of a virgin. They 
were also called Borborites. 
k LORIS I, florista , according to Lin- 
nxus, is an author or botanist who writes a 
treatise called klora, comprehending only 
the plants and trees to be found growing na- 
tuially in any place. However, in the more 
common Jicccptution ot the word, florist si 0- - 
nities a person well skilled in flowers, their 
kinds and cultivation.. 
FLOS, in chemistry, the most subtile part 
of bodies, separated from the more gross parts 
by sublimation, in a dry form. See Che- 
mistry. 
FLOTSAM, Jetsam, and Lagan. Flot- 
sam is when a ship is sunk or cast away, and 
the goods float on the sea ; jetsam is when a 
ship is m danger of being sunk, and to lighten 
the ship the goods are cast into the sea, and 
the ship notwithstanding perishes ; .and la- 
gan is when the goods •so-cast into the sea are 
so heavy that they sink to the bottom, and 
therefore the mariners fasten to them a buoy 
or cork, or such other thing that will not 
sink, to enable them to find them a»ain 
5 Rep. 106. b. The king shall have flotsam^ 
jetsam, and lagan, when the ship is lost, and 
the owners ot the goods are nut known, but 
not otherwise. kV N. B. 12 2. Where the 
