FLO 
FLU 
FLU 
JM6 
other evenly over them : screw them close, 
and put them into an oven after the bread is 
drawn, and let them He there two hours. 
After that, make a mixture of equal parts of 
aquafortis and common brandy; shake these 
well together, and when the flowers are taken 
out of the pressure of the plates, rub them 
lightly over with a camel’s-hair pencil dipped 
in this liquor; then lay them upon fresh 
brown paper, and covering them with some 
other sheets, press them between tins and 
other papers with a handkerchief till the wet 
of these liquors is dried wholly away. When 
the plant is thus far prepared, take the bulk 
of a nutmeg of gum-dragon ; put this into a 
int of fair water cold, and let it stand 24 
ours ; it will in this time be wholly dissolved: 
then dip a fine hair-pencil in this liquor, and 
with it daub over the back sides of the leaves, 
and lay them carefully down on a half-sheet 
of white paper fairly expanded, and press 
them down with some more papers over 
these. When the gum-water is fixed, let the 
pressure and papers be removed, and the 
whole work is finished. The leaves retain 
their verdure in this case, and the flowers 
usually keep their natural colours. Some 
care, 'however, must be taken that the heat 
of the oven be not too great. When the 
flowers are thick and bulky, some art may 
be used to pare off their backs, and dispose 
the petals in a due order ; and after this, if 
any of them are wanting, their places may 
be’ supplied with some of the supernumerary 
ones dried on purpose ; and if any of them 
are only faded, it will be prudent to take them 
away, and lay down others in their stead : the 
leaves may be also disposed and mended in 
the same manner. 
Another method of preserving both flow- 
ers and fruit sound throughout the whole 
year is also given by the same author. Take 
saltpetre, one pound; armenian bole, two 
pounds ; clean common sand, three pounds. 
Mix all well together ; then gather fruit of 
any kind that is not fully ripe, with the stalk 
to each; put these, one by one, into a 
wide-mouthed glass, laying them in good or- 
der. Tie over the top with an oil-cloth, and 
carry them into a dry cellar, and set the 
whole upon a bed of the prepared matter of 
four inches thick in a box. Fill up the re- 
mainder of the box with the same prepara- 
tion ; and let it be four inches thick all over 
the top of the glass, and all round its sides. 
Flowers are to be preserved in the same sort 
of glasses, and in the same manner ; and 
they may be taken up after a whole year as 
plump and fair as when they were buried. 
Flower de us, or Flower de luce, in 
heraldry, a bearing representing the lily, 
called the queen of flowers, and the true hie- 
roglyphic of royal majesty; but of late it is 
become more common, being borne in some 
coats one, in others three, in others five, and 
in some semee, or spread all over the escut- 
cheon in great numbers. The arms of France 
are, three flower-de-lis, or, in a field azure, 
it is observed by antiquarians, that flower 
de Louis is the proper name, having been 
borne by St. Louis on his shield, and that 
it is not a lily but an iris. 
FLOWN sheets, in the sea language: a 
ship is said to sail with flown sheets when her 
sails are not haled home, or close to the 
blocks. The sheets are flown; that is, they 
are let loose, or run as far as they will. 
FLU ATS, in chemistry, salts first disco- 
vered by Scheele ; they are distinguished by 
the following properties: (1) When sulphuric 
acid is poured upon them, they emit acrid 
vapours of fluoric acid, which corrode glass. 
(2) When heated, several of them phospho- 
resce. (3) They are not decomposed by 
heat, nor altered by combustibles. (4) '1 hey 
combine with silica by means of heat. Most 
of them are sparingly soluble in water. 
Fluat of lime — -flu nr spar. This mineral 
is found abundantly in different countries, 
particularly in Derbyshire. It is both amor- 
phous and crystallized. 
The primitive form of its crystals is the 
regular octahedron; that of its integrant 
molecules the regular tetrahedron. The va- 
rieties of its crystals hitherto observed amount 
to 9. These are the primitive octahedron; 
the cube; the rhomboidal dodecahedron; the 
cubo-octahedron, which has both the faces of 
the cube and of the octahedron ; the octahe- 
dron wanting the edges; the cube wanting 
the edges, and either one face or two faces in 
place of each. 
Werner divides this species into three sub- 
species. 
1. Earth?/. Colour greenish white or bluish 
green. Composed of earthy powder, some- 
what agglutinated. Moderately heavy. Phos- 
phoresces on hot coals. Found in Hungary 
in a vein. Acccording to Pelletier, it is 
composed of 
21 lime 
15 alumina 
31 silica 
28 fluoric acid 
1 phosphoric acid 
1 muriatic acid 
1 oxide of iron 
1 water 
99. 
2. Compact Jluor. Colour greenish grey, 
often spotted. Found in mass. Greasy. 
Fracture even, passing to the conchoidal. 
Scratches calcareous spar. Moderately heavy. 
3. Fluor spar. The texture of fluat of 
lime is foliated. Causes single refraction. 
Very brittle. Specific gravity from 3.0943 
to 3.1911. Colours numerous, red, violet, 
green, reddish yellow, blackish purple. Its 
powder thrown upon hot coals emits a bluish 
or greenish light. Two pieces of it rubbed 
in the dark phosphoresce. It decrepitates 
when heated. Before the blowpipe it melts 
into a transparent glass. 
It admits of a polish, and is often formed 
into vases and other ornaments. 
FLUENT, in fluxions, the flowing quan- 
tity, or that which is continually either in- 
creasing, or decreasing, whether line, surface, 
solid, See. See Fluxion. 
FLUID, in physiology, an appellation 
given to all bodies whose particles easily yield 
to the least partial pressure, or force impress- 
ed. See FIydrostatics. 
FLUIDITY, is that state or affection of 
bodies which exhibits them in a liquid form. 
All substances in nature, as far as we are 
acquainted with them, occur in one or other 
of the three following states; namely, the 
state of solids, of liquids, or of elastic fluids 
or vapours. It has been ascertained, that in 
a vast number of cases, the same substance 
is capable of existing successively iu each of 
these states. Thus sulphur is usually a solid 
body ; but when heated to 2 12° it is converted 
into a liquid; and at a still higher tempera- 
ture (about 570°), it assumes the form of an 
elastic vapour of a deep-brown colour. Wa- 
ter also in our climate is usually a liquid ; but 
when cooled down to 32°, it is converted into 
a solid body, and at 212° it assumes the form 
of an elastic fluid. 
All solid bodies, a very small number ex- 
cepted, may be converted into liquids by 
heating them sufficiently, and on the other 
hand, every liquid, except spirit of wine, is 
convertible into a solid body, by exposing it 
to a sufficient degree of cold. All liquid 
bodies may, by heating them, be converted 
into elastic fluids, and a great many solids ■ 
are capable of undergoing the same change; j 
and, lastly, the number of elastic fluids which i 
by cold are condensible into liquids or so- ] 
lids, is by no means inconsiderable. These j 
facts have led philosophers to form this go- j 
neral conclusion, “ that all bodies, if placed j 
in a temperature sufficiently low, would as- ] 
sume a solid form ; that all solids become j 
liquids when sufficiently heated ; and that all 
liquids, when exposed to a certain tempera- 
ture, assume the form of elastic fluids.” The j 
state of bodies then depends upon the tempe- j 
rature in which they are placed; in the lowest 
temperatures they are all solid, in higher 
temperatures they are converted into liquids, 
and in the highest of all they become elastic 
fluids. The particular temperatures at which 
bodies undergo those changes, are exceed- 
ingly various, but they are always constant 
for the same bodies. Thus we see that iieat j 
produces changes on the state of bodies, con- j 
verting them all, first into liquids, and then j 
elastic fluids. 
I. When solid bodies are converted by 
heat into liquids, the change in some cases 
takes place at once. There is no interval, 
between solidity and liquidity ; but in other 
cases a very gradual change may be per- 
ceived; the solid becomes first soft, and it 
passes slowly through all the degrees of soit- 
ness, till at last it becomes perfectly fluid. 
'Flie conversion of ice into water is an in- 
stance of the first change, for in that sub-| 
stance there is no intervening state betw een 
solidity and fluidity. The melting of glass,. : 
of wax, and of tallow, exhibits instances of 
the second kind of change; for these bodies, 
pass through every possible degree of soft- 
ness before they terminate in perfect flui- 
dity. In general, those solid bodies which, 
crystallize or assume regular prismatic 
figures, have no interval between solidity 
and fluidity, while those that do not usually 
assume such shapes have the property of ap- 
pearing successively in all the intermediate 
states. 
Solid bodies never begin to assume a liquid 
form till they are heated to a certain tempe- 
rature; this temperature is constant in all. 
In the first class of bodies it is very well de- 
fined ; but in the second, though it is equally 
constant, the exact temperature of fluidity 
cannot be pointed out with such precision? 
on account of the infinite number of shades 
of softness through which the bodies pass be- 
fore they acquire their greatest possible flui- 
dity. But even in these bodies we can easily, 
ascertain that the same temperature always, 
produces the same degree of fluidity. The 
temperatures at which tins change from soil- 
