760 FOR 
And by 39 Eliz. c. 9, the benefit of clergy is 
taken away from the principals, procurers, 
and accessaries before. And by 4 and 5 P . 
et M. c. 8, if any person shall take or con- 
vey away any unmarried woman under the age 
of sixteen (though not attended with force), 
he shall be imprisoned two years, or fined at 
the discretion of the court; and if he de- 
flower her, or contract matrimony without 
consent of parents or guardians, he shall be 
imprisoned five years or fined, and the mar- 
rying of any person under 21 without such 
consent is void. 
FORCING, among gardeners, signifies 
tire making trees produce ripe fruit before 
their usual time. 
Forcing of wine. See Wine. 
FORE-Castle, of a ship, that- part where 
the foremast stands. It is divided from the 
rest by a bulk-head. See Ship. 
Fore-closed, in law', signifies the being 
shut out, and excluded or barred, the equity 
of redemption on mortgages, & c. See 
Mortgage. 
Fore-foot, in the sea-language, signi- 
fies one ship’s lying, or sailing, across another’s 
way; as if' two ships being under sail, and in 
ken one of another, one of them lying in her 
course with her stem so much a weather the 
other, that holding on their several ways, 
neither of them altering their courses, the 
windward ship will run ahead of the other ; 
then it is said, such a ship lies with the other’s 
forefoot. 
FOREIGN attachment, is an attachment 
of the goods of foreigners, found within a 
city or liberty, for the satisfaction of some 
citizen to whom the foreigner is indebted ; 
or it signifies an attachment of a foreigner’s 
money in the hands of another person. 
Foreign courts. Upon a principle of the 
law of nations, every state being free, inde- 
pendant, and uncontroulable, the sentence 
of any foreign court of competent jurisdic- 
tion, is not to be called in question, but is 
admitted as evidence of the fact upon w hich 
it is founded. If however in such sentence 
any foreign jurisdiction should state the evi- 
dence, upon which its sentence or device is 
founded, subsequent evidence may be ad- 
mitted to disprove sucli evidence, and con- 
sequently the sentence or decree which is 
a deduction from it. But where it is peremp- 
torily given as a sentence, it is conclusive 
evidence which the English courts will not 
allow to be questioned. 
FOREIGNERS, are persons subject to a 
foreign state to which they owe an allegiance, 
and although made free denizens or natu- 
ralized iu Great Britain, they are nevertheless 
expressly disabled by the act of settlement 
•from bearing offices in the government, from 
being members oi the privy council, or mem- 
bers of parliament. See Alien. 
Foreign opposer, or apposer, an officer 
in the exchequer to whom all sheriffs, after 
they are apposed of their sums out of the 
pipe-office, repair to be apposed by him of 
their green wax. He examines the sheriff’s 
estreats with the record, and apposes the 
sheriff, w hat he says to every particular sum 
therein. 
Foreign plantations : a writ of error lies 
here upon any of the judgments in foreign 
plantations, or in any dominions belonging 
to England. Vaugh. 402. 
FOR 
Foreign plea : a foreign plea is where the 
action is carried out of the county where it 
is laid, and is to be sworn, which a plea to 
thejurisdiction is not. Garth. 402. 
Foreign service, is that whereby a mesne 
lord holds over of another, without the com- 
pass of his own fee; or that which a tenant 
performs either to his own lord, or to the 
lord paramount out of the fee. Rracton, 
lib. 2. c. 18. 
1’ oreign slate, is the dominion of a foreign 
power. r l bus, if any foreign subject purchase 
goods in London, and then depart privately 
to his own country, the owner of the goods 
may have a certificate from the lord-mayor 
of London, on an affidavit being made of the 
sale and delivery of the goods, upon which 
the proper court in that state, will execute 
a legal process upon the party. At the in- 
stance of an ambassador also or consul, any 
criminal flying from justice to any foreign 
state, may be delivered up to the laws of the 
country where the crime was committed. 
Where any contract is made abroad if the 
party is resident in England, it may be re- 
covered by the English courts. 
Foreign seamen, serving two years on 
board British ships, whether of war, trade, 
or privateers, during the time of war, shall be 
deemed natural-born subjects. 
FOREJUDGES, a judgment whereby a 
man is deprived, or put out, of the thing in 
question. 
FOREJUDGED the court , is when an 
officer or attorney of the court of common- 
pleas is expelled the same for some offence, 
or for not appearing to an action by bill filed 
against him ; and in the latter he is not to 
be readmitted till he shall appear. By 2 H. 
IV. c. 8. he shall lose his office and be fore- 
judged ihe court. 
FORLORN-hope, in the military art, 
signifies men detached from several regi- 
ments, or otherwise appointed, to make the 
first attack in day of battle, or at a siege, to 
storm the counterscarp, mount thebr ach, &c. 
FOREMAST of a ship, that which car- 
ries the fore-sail and fore-top-sail yards. Its 
length is usually ^ of the main mast; and 
the fore-top-gallant-mast is f the length ot 
the fore-top-mast. 
Foremast-men, are those on board a 
ship that take in the top-sails, sling the yards, 
furl the sails, bowse, trice, and take" their 
turn at the helm, Sec. 
FORE-reach, in the sea-language: a ship 
is said to fore-reach upon another, when both 
sailing together, one sails better, or outgoes 
the other. 
FORESTS, are waste grounds belonging 
to the king, replenished with all manner of 
beasts of chace or venerv, which are under 
the king’s protection, for the sake of his royal 
recreation and delight; and to that end, and 
for preservation ot the king’s game, there are 
particular laws, privileges, courts and officers, 
belonging to the king’s forests. 1 Black. 
279. 
The forest courts are, the courts of attach- 
ments, of regard, of swainmote, and of jus- 
tice seat. 
The court of attachments is to be held 
before the verderers of the forest, once in 
every forty days, to enquire of all offenders 
against the king’s deer, or covert for the 
game, who may be attached by-’ their bodies, 
if found in the very act of transgression. 
FOR 
otherwise by their goods ; and in this court 
the foresters are to bring in their attachment, 
or presentments of vert and venison : and 
the verderers are to receive the same, and to 
inroll them, and to certify them under their 
seals, to the court of justice seat, or swain- 
mote, for this court can only inquire of but 
not convict offenders. 
The court of regard or survey of dogs is 
be liolden every third year, for the lawing or 
expeditating of mastiffs, which is done by cut- 
ting off the claws of the fore-feet, to prevent 
them from running after deer. No other 
dogs than mastiffs were permitted to be kept 
within the king’s forests, it being supposed 
that the keeping of these, and these only, 
was necessary for the defence of a man’s 
house. 
The court of swainmote is to be Holden 
before the verderers as judges, by the stew- 
ard of the swainmote, thrice in every year, 
the swains or freeholders within the forest 
composing the jury. The jurisdiction oi this 
court, is, to enquire into the oppressions and 
grievances committed by the officers of the: 
forest, and to receive and try presentments 
certified from the court of attachments, 
agairit the offenders in vert and venison ; 
and this court may not only enquire, but 
convict also, which conviction shall be certi- 
fied to the court of justice seat, under the 
seals of the jury, tor this court cannot pro- 
ceed to judgment. 
The court of justice seat, is the principal 
court ; which is held before the chief justice 
in eyre, or chief hineiant judge, or his de- 
puty, to hear and determine all trespasses 
within the forest, and all claims of franchises, 
liberties, and privileges, and all pleas and 
causes whatsoever therein arising. It may 
also proceed to try presentments made in 
the inferior courts of the forest, and to give 
judgment upon the convictions that hav,e 
been made in the swainmote courts. It may 
be held every third year. This court may- 
line and imprison, it being a court of record ; 
and a writ of error lies to the court of king’s 
bench. 1 Black. 289. 2 Black. 38. 3 Black, i 
71. But the forest laws have long ago ceas- 
ed to be. put in execution. 1 Black. 289. 
Forest-trees. The planting of forest- 
trees is profitable as well as pleasing and re- ; 
spectable ; and a young planter may live to | 
reap much reward from his labour, or he may 
leave a valuable inheritance to his children. 
“ The plantation and care of timber is like 
buying the reversion of an estate ; for a little 
money expended, we become heirs to great 
sums. In countries scarce of firing, and 
w here poles and rails are wanted, underwood 
will pay the proprietor triple more in value 
than the best fields of corn, and the oaks 
among it remain a great estate to succeed- 
ing generations.” Poor land, that does not 
for cbm, would be profitably cultivated in 
w'ood; but such ground should be sown, 
rather thaw planted. Wet places may be 
advantageously planted with the amphibious 
tribe, as willow, sallow, withy, osier, &c. 
For those who may be disposed to plant 
forest-trees, the following directions are of- 
fered : The manual work proper to this busi- 
ness. is nearly the same as for fruit-trees and 
shrubs; and though plantations of forest-trees 
need, not be so nicely attended to as fruit- 
trees, yet the better the work is performed, 
the fairer is the prospect in growing good 
