FOR 
FOR 
Into this taper pipe is placed the nose or 
p.po or the bellows: the ot'tice of this is to 
preserve the pipe of the bellows and the back 
of the forge about the fireplace, from burn- 
ing. Right before the back is placed, at 
about two feet distance, the trough, which 
readies commonly the whole breadth of the 
forge, and is as broad as is thought neces- 
sary. The bellows is placed behind the back 
of the forge, having one of its boards so lixed, 
that it can neither move upwards nor down- 
wards. At the ear of the upper board is fast- 
ened a rope or chain, which reaches up to 
t lie rocker, and is fastened there to the fur- 
ther end of the handle. This handle is fast- 
i ened across a rock-staff, which moves be- 
' tween two cheeks upon the centre pins, in 
two sockets; so that by drawing down this 
handle the moving board of the bellows rises ; 
and by a considerable weight set on the top 
of its upper board, sinks down again, and by 
this agitation performs the office of a pair of 
bellows. 
Forge is also used for a large furnace, in 
which iron ore, taken out of the mine, is 
| melted down ; or it is more properly applied 
to another kind of furnace, where the iron 
ore, melted down and separated in a former 
furnace, and then cast into sows and pigs, is 
heated and fused over again, and beaten af- 
terwards w ith large hammers, and thus ren- 
dered more soft, pure, ductile, and lit for 
use. 
Of these there are two kinds: the first is 
called the finery, where the pigs are worked 
into gross iron, and prepared for the second, 
which is called the chafery, where it is fur- 
■ ther wrought into bars fit for use. 
FORGERY, is where a person counter- 
feits the signature of another with intent to 
j defraud, which by the law of England is 
made a capital felonv. 
A receipt to a cash memorandum is not a 
receipt on acquittance for the payment of 
money within 2 Geo. II. c. 25, against for- 
gery. 
Forgery may be committed by making a 
mark in the name of another person. It may 
also be committed in the name of a person 
who never had existence. And it may be 
committed of an instrument, though such an 
instrument as the one forged does not exist 
cither in law or fact. 
. Indorsing a real bill of exchange with a fic- 
titious name is forgery ; although the use of 
a fictitious name was not essential to the ne- 
gociation. 
A forged bank-note (although the word 
pounds is omitted in the body of it), and 
there is no water-mark in the paper, is a 
counterfeit note for the payment of money. 
Altering an entry of money received, made 
by a cashier of the bank, in the bank-book of 
a person keeping cash there, by prefixing a 
figure to increase the amount of the sum re- 
ceived, is forging a receipt for money. 
A receipt indorsed on a bill of exchange 
in a fictitious name is forgery, although such 
name does not purport to be the name of 
any particular person. 
If a person who has for many years been 
known by a name which was not his own, and 
afterwards assumes his real name, in that 
name draws a bill of exchange, he will not be 
guilty of forgery, although such bill was 
drawn for fraudulent purposes. 
If any person shall falsely make, forge, or 
F O R 
counterfeit, or cause or procure to he falsely ! 
made, forged, or counterfeited, or willingly 
aid or assist in the false making or counter- 
feiting, anv deed, will, bond, writing obliga- 
gatory, bill of exchange, promissory note lor 
payment of money, acquittance, or receipt, 
either tor money or goods, with intent to de- 
fraud any person ; or shall utter or publish 
the same as true, knowing the same to be 
false, forged, or counterfeited, he shall be 
guilty of felony without benefit of clergy ; 
but not to work corruption of blood, or dis- 
herison of heirs. 2 Geo. II. c. 25,. 
Forging or imitating stamps to defraud the 
revenue is forgery by the several stamp acts ; 
and the receiving of them is made single felo- 
ny, punishable with seven years transporta- 
tion. \% Geo. III. c. 48. 
FORGING, in smithery, the beating or 
hammering iron on the anvil, after having first 
made it red-hot in the forge, in order to ex- 
tend it into various forms, and fashion it into 
works. 
There are two ways of forging and 
hammering iron ; one is by the force of the 
hand, in which there are usually several per- 
sons employed, one of them turning the 
iron and hammering likewise, and the 
rest only hammering. The other way is by 
the force of a water-mill, which raises and 
works several huge hammers beyond the 
force of uian ; under the strokes of which the 
workmen present large lumps or pieces of 
iron, which are sustained at one end by the 
anvils, and at the other by iron chains fasten- 
ed to the ceiling of the forge. 
This last way of forging is only used in the 
largest works, as anchors for ships, &c. which 
usually weigh several thousand pounds. For 
the lighter works, a single man serves to 
hold, heat, and turn with one hand, while he 
hammers with the other. 
Each purpose the work is designed for re- 
quires its proper heat; for if it is too cold, it 
will not feel the weight of the hammer, as 
the smiths call it, when it will not batter un- 
der the hammer ; and if it is too hot, it will 
red-sear, that is, break or crack under the 
hammer. 
The several degrees of heats the smiths 
give their irons, are, first, a blood-red heat ; 
secondly, a white flame heat ; and, thirdly, 
a sparkling or welding heat. 
FORISFAMILIARI. A son is properly 
said to be forisfamiliari when he accepts of his 
father’s part of his lands, and is contented with 
it in the life-time of his father, so that he can- 
not claim any more. 
FORM, printer's, an assemblage of let- 
ters, words and lines, ranged in order, and so 
disposed into pages by the compositor; from 
which, by means of ink and a press, the 
printed sheets are drawn. Every form is 
inclosed in an iron chase, wherein it is firmly 
locked by a number of pieces of wood ; some 
long and narrow, and others of the form of 
wedges. There are two forms required for 
every sheet, one for each side ; and each 
form consists of more or fewer pages, accord- 
ing to the size of the book. Set Printing. 
Form of a series, in algebra, that affec- 
tion of an undeterminate series, which arises 
from the different values of the indices of the 
unknown quantity. 
Form, is required in law proceedings, 
otherwise the law would be no art ; but it 
5D 2 
703 
ought not to be used to en nave or entrap. 
Hob. 232. The formal part of the law, or 
method of proceeding, cannot be altered but 
by parliament: ior if once those outworks 
were demolished, there would be an inlet to 
all manner of innovation in the body of the 
law itself. 1 Black. 142. 
FORMA PAUPERIS, is when any person 
has cause of suit, and is so poor that he can- 
not support the usual charges of suing at 
law or in equity. In this case, upon his 
making oath that he is not worth five pounds 
his debts being paid, and bringing a certifi- 
cate from some lawyer that he has just cai.>e 
of suit, the judge admits him to sue in forma 
pauperis, that is, without paying fees to 
counsellor, attorneys, or clerk ; and he shall 
have original writs and subpoenas gratis. 
11 H. VII. c. 12. 
And he shall when plaintiff be excused 
from costs, but shall suffer other punishment 
at the discretion of the judge. And it was 
formerly usual to give such paupers, if non- 
suited, their election either to be whipped or 
pay the costs, though the practice is now dis- 
used. 3 Black. 400. 
It seems agreed that a pauper may recover 
costs, though he pay none ; tor although the 
counsel and clerks are bound to give their la- 
bour to him, yet they are not bound to give 
it to his antagonist. Id. 
FORMEDON, inlaw, a writ that lies for 
a person who has a right to lands or tene- 
ments, by virtue of any entail, arising from 
the statute ofWestm. 2 Ch. II. 
This writ is of three kinds, viz. a descender, 
remainder, and reverter. Formedon in de- 
scender lies where a tenant entail infeoffs a 
stranger, or is disseised and dies, the heir may 
bring this writ to recover the land. Forme- 
don in remainder lies where a man gives 
lands, &c. to a person in tail, and for de- 
fault of issue of his body, the remainder to 
another in tail : here if the tenant in tail dies 
without issue, and a stranger abates and en- 
ters into the land, he in remainder shall have 
this writ. Formedon in reverter lies where 
lands are entailed on certain persons and their 
issue, with remainder over for want of issue, 
and on that remainder failing, then to revert 
to the donor and his heirs : in this case, if the 
tenant in tail dies without issue, and also he 
in remainder, the donor and his heirs, to whom 
the reversion returns, may have this writ for the 
recovery of the estate, though the same be 
aliened, &c. Writs of formedon are now 
scarcely ever brought, the title to lands being 
commonly tried upon an ejectment. 
FORMIC ACID, in chemistry, an acid 
that exists abundantly in the formica rufa, or 
red ant. The existence of this acid was first 
made known by Mr. Ray, in a correspond- 
ence with Dr. Hnlse. The doctor informed 
him that these insects, when irritated, give 
out a clear liquid, which tinges blue flowers 
red : a fact which had been observed by 
others. Hence it was found to be an acid, 
which was obtained by bruising the insects-, 
by distilling them, and by infusing them in 
water. The French chemists obtained the 
acid by bruising ants, and macerating them 
in alcohol. When the alcohol was distilled 
over, an acid liquor remained, which satu- 
rated with lime, mixed with sulphuric acid, 
and distilled, yielded a liquid that possessed 
all the properties of acetic acid. This acid 
was formerly considered as possessing peci> 
