F O U 
F 6 XJ 
paid of a building which is under ground. 
.See Architecture. 
FOU N I) Ell, in a general sense, the person 
who lays a foundation, or endows a church, 
school, religious-house, or other charitable 
institution. The founder of a church may 
preserve to himself the right of patronage or 
presentation to the living. 
Founder, also implies an artist who casts 
metals, in various forms, for different uses, 
as guns, bells, statues, printing characters, 
candlesticks, buckles, &c. whence they are 
denominated gun-founders, bell-founders, 
figure-founders, letter-founders, founders of 
[small works, Ac. See FguiJdery. 
The most common implements used by 
'the founder are, several different sized pairs of 
[open frames, fig. 1, called flasks; two or three 
single-handled ladles, fig. 4; a large double- 
handled ladle, fig. 5 ; a wooden bar, fig. b, 
called a striker; a flat iron rammer, lig. 7; 
[several hand screws, fig. 8 ; a small trowel 
with a square end, fig. 9 ; aFo, a great quan- 
tify of damp loamy sand, and a small quan- 
tity of the same, which has been burnt in the 
furnace, and is kept dry. An exact pattern of 
'the thing to be cast is, in most cases, made 
jin wood : the workman selects a pair of flasks, 
whose size is best adapted to the size of the 
article, sets it on a board, 11, fills the under 
one with sand, rams it in with the rammer, 
fig. 7, and scrapes off the loose sand with the 
striker, fig 6; he then with his trowel, lig. 9, 
' digs out a space large enough to contain the 
[pattern for the article (which we will in this 
case suppose to be a crow for a mill-stone, 
see Flour-mill, and Figs. 2 and 3,) into this 
space the pattern is placed, and the sand is 
laid close round it, and pressed and flattened 
itl own with the trowel, so as to bury the lower 
half of it, a^ shewnin the HaskGl ; a thin layer 
j of dry sand is then sprinkled over it, and the 
j other empty fladc, EF, is put upon the un- 
rier one, its place being determined by the 
! points, h ik, in the upper flask EF, which en- 
ter the holes, m ' n, in the under flask GI ; a 
round stick is then held upright upon the pat- 
tern, and the sand filled and rammed round 
it; the stick is then withdrawn which leaves 
a hole, (l, through the sand, through which 
the metal is to be poured. The upper flask, 
with the sand in it, is then lifted off, and laid 
upon its side, as shewn in fig. 1, the dry 
isand making the separation at the proper 
place, so as to leave an impression, opqr, 
in the upper flask, of the same size and 
shape as tae upper half of the pattern: 
the sand around the pattern, s t v iv, in the 
flask GL is then slightly damped with a 
sponge, to make it adhere better together, 
and tiie pattern is lifted out, by screwing one 
Ur more of the screws, fig. 8, into it leaving 
an impression of the lower half of the pattern, 
so that when the two flasks are put toge- 
ther again, the cavity of the whole article is 
formed, into which the metal is poured, 
through the hole d. For small work, the 
metal is melted in a furnace, blown by bel- 
lows ; it has a small hole near its bottom, 
which is stopped with clay : when the metal 
is melted, this clay is poked out, and the me- 
tal which runs out, is caught in the ladle, fig. 
5 ; when this is nearly full, it is taken up by 
two men (one of whom walks first, between 
the handles, ab, and another at the end, d ,) 
' and is (list, ibuted to the different flasks : for 
still smaller work, this i? done by one man, 
Vo L. i. 
FOU 
who uses the ladle, fig. 4. For large works, 
the metal is melted in an air or draft furnace; 
and is conveyed to the moulds, which are in 
that case sunk in the ground, by little chan- 
nels made in the sand, of which the floor of 
the foundry is composed. When the article 
that has been cast, is first taken out of the 
sand, it has a knob or runner sticking to it, in 
the hole, d, fig. 1 , and lias usually thin pieces 
sticking out from the sides ot it, where the 
two flasks did not exactly fit: these are all 
taken off with a chisel, the sand is shook off 
the surface by knocking, and the founder’s 
business is done. 
For some articles which have one side a 
plain surface, as square bars, &c. no flasks are 
used but the pattern is laid in a space large 
enough to burv it, which is made in the sand 
on the ground, and the sand is banked up 
round it ; it is then taken out as above, and 
(he metal is poured into the cavity formed 
by it, till the same is full enough. 'J he mould 
for large articles, as bells, boilers, cylinders, 
pipes, &c. are made of wet tempered foam, 
and dried. 
Founder, in the sea-language, a ship is 
said to founder, when bv an extraordinary 
leak: or by a great sea breaking in upon her, 
she is so filled with water, that she cannot be 
freed of it ; so that she can neither veer, 
nor steer, but lies like a log ; and not being 
able to swim along, will at iast sink. 
FOUNDERY or foundry, the art of cast- 
ing all sorts of metals into different forms. 
It likewise signifies the work-house, or smelt- 
ing-hut, iu which these operations are per- 
formed. 
Foundery in small works, or casting in 
sand. The sand used for casting small works 
is, at first, of a pretty soft, yellowish, and clam- 
my nature; but it being necessary to strew 
charcoal dust in the mould, it at length be- 
comes of quite a black colour. This sand is 
worked over and over, on a board, with a 
roller, and a sort of knife ; being placed over 
a trough to receive it, after it is by these 
means sufficiently prepared. 
This done, they take a wooden board of a 
length and breadth proportional to the things 
to be cast, and putting a ledge round it, they 
till it with sand, a little moistened, to make 
it duly cohere. Then they take either wood 
or melal models of what they intend to cast, 
and apply them so to the mould and press 
them into the sand, as to leave their impres- 
sion there. Along the middle of the mould 
is laid half a small brass-cylinder, as the chief 
canal for the metal to run through, when 
melted into the models, or patterns ; and from 
this chief canal are placed several others, 
which extend to each model or pattern placed 
in the frame. After this frame is finished 
they take out the patterns, by first loosening 
them all round, that the sand may not give 
wav. 
They then proceed to work the other half 
of the mould with the same patterns in just 
such another frame, only that it has pins, 
which, entering into holes that correspond to 
it in the other, make the two cavities ot the 
pattern fall exactly on each other. 
The frame thus moulded, is carried to the 
melter, who, after extending the chief canal 
of the counterpart, and adding the cross ca- 
nals to the several models in both, and strew- 
ing mill-dust over them, dries them in a kind 
of oven for that purpose. 
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7^9 
Both parts of the mould being dry, they 
are joined together by means of the pins; 
and to prevent their giving way, on account 
of the melted metal passing through the chief 
cylindrical canal, they are screwed or wedged 
up l.ke a kind ot press. 
While the moulds are thus preparing, the 
metal is fusing in h crucible ot a size propor- 
tionate to the quantity of 'metal intended to 
be cast. 
Fo und ery of statues. See Bro n z e and 
Statue. 
foundery of bells. The metal, it is to 
be observed, is different ror bells, from what it 
is for statues; there being no tin in the sta- 
tue-metal : but there is a fifth, and sometimes 
more, in the bell-metal. 
The dimensions of the core, and the wax, 
for bells, (if a ring of bells especially) are not 
left to chance, but must be measured on a 
scale, which gives the height, aperture, and 
thickness necessary for the several tones re- 
quired. 
It is on the wax that the several mouldings 
and other ornaments are formed to be re- 
presented in relievo, on the outside ot the 
bell. 
The business of bell-foundry is reducible, 
to three particulars. 1. The proportion oi a 
bell. 2. Tbe forming of the mould ; and, 
3. The melting of the metal. 
The proportions of our b 11s differ much 
from those of the Chinese : in ours the mo- 
dern proportions are to make the diameter 
fifteen times the thickness of the brim, and 
twelve times the height. 
There are two kinds of preparations, viz. the 
simple and the relative ; the former are those 
proportions only that are between the several 
parts of a bell, to render it sonorous ; the re- 
lative proportions establish a requisite har- 
mony between several bells. 
The particulars necessary for making the 
mould of a bell, are, 1, The earth: the most 
cohesive is the best : it must be well ground 
and sifted, to prevent any chinks. 2. Brick- 
stone; which must be used for the mine, 
mould, or core, and for the furnace. 3. 
Horse-dung, hair, and hemp, mixed with 
lire earth, to render the cement more bind- 
ing. 4. dire wax for inscriptions, coats of 
arms, &c. 5. The tallow equally mixed 
with the wax, in order to put a slight lay of it 
upon the outer mould, before any letters are 
applied to it. 6. The coals to dry the 
mould. 
For making the mould, they have a scaf- 
fold consisting of four boards, ranged upon 
tressels. Upon this, they carry the earth, 
grossly diluted, to mix it with horse-dung, 
beating the whole with a large spatula. 
The compasses of construct ion-is the chief 
instrument for making the mould, which con- 
sist of two different legs joined by a third 
piece. And last of all, lire founders shelves 
on which are the engravings of the letters, 
cartridges, coals oi arms, Ac. 
They first dig a hole, of a sufficient depth 
to contain the mould of the bell, together 
with the case or cannon, under-ground : and 
about six inches lower than the terreplain, 
where the work is performed. The hole 
must lie wide enough for a free passage be- 
tween the mould and walls of the hole; or 
between one mould and another, when se- 
veral bells are to be cast. At the centre oi 
