770 
F O U 
the hole is a stake erected, that is strongly 
iustened in the ground, This supports an iron 
peg, on which the pivot of the second branch 
ot the co n passes turns. The stake is en- 
compassed with a solid brick-work, perfectly 
round about half a foot high, and of the pro- 
posed bell’s diameter, This they call a mill- 
stone. ' I lie parts of the mould are the core 
t.ie model of the bell, and the shell. When 
the outer surface of the core is formed, they 
began to raise the Core, which is made of bricks 
tnat are laid in courses of equal height upon 
a la\ ot plain earth. At the laying of each 
brick they bring near it the branch of the com- 
passes, on which the curve of the core is 
shaped, so as that there may remain between 
it and the curve- the distance of a line, to be 
afterwards tilled up with layers of cement, 
l he work is continued to the top, only leaving 
an opening for the coals to bake the core? 
1 his work is covered with a layer of cement, 
made of earth and horse-dung, on which they 
move the compasses of construction, to make 
it o, an even smoothness every where. 
1 he first layer being finished, thev put the 
ire to the core, by filling it half with coals, 
Hough an opening that is kept shut, during 
lie baking, with a cake of earth, that has 
>een separately baked. The first fire con- 
sumes the stake, and the fire is left in the 
core half, or sometimes a whole day ; the 
lust finer being thoroughly dry, they cover 
it with a second, third, and fourth; each 
being smoothed by the board of the com- 
passes, and thoroughly dried before thev pro- 
ceed to another. 
r l lie core being completed, they take the 
compasses to pieces, with intent to cut off 
tlu. tuickness of the model, and the compasses 
are immediately put in tlieir place, to begin 
a second piece of the mould. It consists of a 
mixture ot earth and hair, applied with the 
hand on the core, in several cakes that close 
together. I bis work is finished by several 
layers of a thinner cement of the same mat- 
ter, smoothed by the compasses, and tho- 
roughly dried, before another is laid on. The 
first layer of the model is a mixture of wax 
and grease spread over the whole. After 
which are applied the inscriptions, coats of 
arms, &c. besmeared with a pencil dipt in a 
vessel of wax in a chaffing-dish: this is done 
tor every letter. Before the shell is begun, 
the compasses are taken to pieces, to cut off 
all the wood that fills the place of the thick- 
ness to be given to the shell. 
The first layer is the same earth with the 
rest, sifted very line; whilst it is tempering in 
water, it is mixed with cow’s hair, to make it 
cohere. The vdiole being a thin cullis, is 
gently poured on the model, that fills exactly 
all the sinuosities of the figures, &c. and this is 
repeated till the whole is two lines thick over 
the model. When this layer is thoroughly 
dried, they cover it with a second of the same 
matter, but something thicker: when this 
second layer becomes of some consistence, 
they apply the compasses again, and light a 
fne in the core, so as to melt off the vyax of the 
-inscriptions, &c. 
After this, they go on with other lavers of 
the shell, by means of the compasses. Here 
they add to the cow’s hair a quantity of 
hemp, spread upon the layers, and afterward- 
smoothed by the board of the compasses, 
'^he thickness ot the shell cemes to tour or 
F 0 U 
five inches lower than the mill-stone before 
observed, and surrounds it quite close, which 
prevents the extravasation of the metal. The 
wax should be taken out before the melting 
ot the metal. 
, ! ear of the bell requires a separate work, 
winch is done during the drying of the se- 
veral incrustations of the cement. It lias 
seven rings, the seventh is called the bridge, 
and unites the others, being a perpendicular 
support to strengthen the curves. It has an 
apeitu re at the top, to admit a large iron-peg 
bent at the bottom ; and this is "introduced 
into two holes in the beam, fastened with two 
strong iron-kgys. There are models made 
of the rings, with masses of beaten earth, that 
are dried in the lire, in order to have the hoi- 
low ot them. 1 liese rings are gently pressed 
upon a layer of earth and cow’s'hair, one 
half ot its depth ; and then taken out, with- 
out breaking the mould. 1 bis operation is 
repeated twelve limes for twelve half-moulds, 
that two, and two united make the hollows of 
the six rings: the same they do for the hol- 
low ot the bridge, and bake them all, to unite 
them together. 
Upon the open place left for the coals 
to be put in, are placed the rings that con- 
stitute the ear. 1 hey first put into this open 
place the iron-ring to support the clapper of 
the bell ; then they make a round cake of 
clay, to till up the diameter of the thickness 
ot the core. This case after baking, is clapped 
upon the opening, and soldered with a thin 
mortar spread over it, which binds the cover 
close to the core. 
r l he hollow of the model is filled with an 
eai tli, sufficiently moist, to fix on the place 
which is strewed, at several times, upon the 
cover of the core; and they beat it gently 
with a pestle, to a proper height ; and a work- 
man smooths the earth at top with a wooden 
trowel dipped in water. 
Upon this cover, to be taken off afterwards, 
they assemble the hollows of the rino-s. 
When every thing is in its proper place, they 
strengthen the outsides of the hollows with 
mortar, in order to bind them with the bridge 
and keep them steady at the bottom, by 
means ot a cake of the same mortar which 
tills up the whole aperture of the shell. This 
they let dry, that it may be removed with- 
out breaking. r ]’ 0 make room for the metal 
they pull oltthe hollows of the rings, through 
which the metal is to pass, before it enters 
into the vacuity of the mould. The shell 
being unloaded of its ear, they range un- 
dei the mill-stone live or six pieces of 
wood, about two feet long, and thick enough 
to reach almost the lower part of the shell ; 
between these and the mould they drive in 
wooden wedges with a mallet, to shake the 
shell ot the model whereon it rests, so as to be 
pulled up and got out of the pit. 
W hen this and the wax are removed, they 
break the model and layer of earth, throuirh 
which the metal must run, from the hollow 
ot the rings, between the shell and the core, 
llrey smoke the inside of the shell, bv burn- 
ing straw under it that helps to smooth the 
surface of the bell. Then they put the shell 
m the place, so as to leave the same interval 
between that and the core; and before the 
hollows ot the rings or the cap are put on 
again, they add two vents, that are united 
1 o the rings, and to each other, bv amass of 
baked cement. -After which they put on 
F O U 
this mass of the cap, the rings, and the vent, 
over the shell, and solder it with thin ce- 
ment winch is dried gradually by covering 
it with burning coals. Then they fill up the 
pit \s lth earth, beating it strongly all the time 
round the mould. 
1 he furnace has a place for the fire, and ano- 
ther lor the metal. T he fire-place has a large 
chimney with a spacious ash-hole. The fur- 
nace which contains the metal, is vaulted, (he 
bottom is made of earth, rammed down; 
the rest is built with brick. It has four apem 
Uue>; the first, through which the flame re- 
verberates; the second is closed with a stop- 
pie that is opened for the metal to run ; the 
otheis are to separate the dross or scoring of 
the metal by wooden rakes: through these 
last apertures passes the thick smoke. The 
ground of the furnace is built sloping, for the 
metal to run down. 
Ioundrry of great guns and mortar 
peres. 1 he method of casting these pieces 
is little different from that of bells: they are 
nm massy, without any core, being deter- 
mined by the hollow of the shell; and they 5 
are afterwards bored with a steel trapan which 
is worked either by horses, or a water-mill. 
i'or the metal parts, proportions, Szc. of 
thes.e pieces. See Cannon. 
Foundry fetter, or casting of printing 
letters. See Type. 1 
I OU N F, or font, among printers, a set 1 
or quantity of letters, and all the appendages, 
belonging thereto, as numeral characters! 
quadrates, points, &c cast by a letter-founder’ 
and sorted. Founts are large or small, accord- 
ing to the demand of the printer, who orders 
them by the hundred weight, or by sheets ! 
YV hen a printer orders a fount of five hundred 
he means that the fount, consisting of letters’ 
P°‘ n * s ’ s P?f es > quadrates, &c. shall weigh 
5001b. When he demands a fount of tea 
sheets, it is understood, that with that fount 
lie shall be able to compose ten sheets, or 
twenty forms, without being obliged to dis- 
tribute, that is, take them to pieces. The 
founder accordingly! lie reckons 
1201b. fora sheet, including the quadrates, 
&c. or 60 lb. for a form, which is only half 
?on h u Ct: , that the sheet always weighs. 
120 lb. or the form 60 lb. on the contrary it 
vanes according to the size of the form : 
besides, it is always supposed that there 
are letters left in the cases. As therefore 
every sheet does not comprehend the same 
number of letters, nor the same sort of let- 
ters, we must observe, that, as in every lan- 
guage some sounds recur more frequently 
than others, some letters will be in much, 
more use, and oftener repeated than others, 
and consequently their cells or cases should 
be better stored than those of the letters which 
do not recur so frequently: thus, a fount 
does not contain an equal number of a and h 
or ot b and c, &c. the letter-founders have 
therefore a list or tariff, or, as the French call 
it, a police, by which they regulate the pro- 
portions between the different sorts of cha- 
racters that compose a fount ; and it is evi- 
dent that this tariff will vary in different 
languages, but will remain the same for all 
sorts of characters employed in the same lan- 
guage. See Printing.' 
* OUN IAIN or artificial fountain in 
ndiaultes, called also a jet d’eau, is a con- 
trivance by which water is violently spouted 
upwards. See Hydraulics. 
