F R I 
fastened to the end of a fishing-rod or other 
long pole. This species seems to be in plenty 
throughout Europe, from the extreme parts 
of Russia on the one hand to Italy on the 
other; is very common in Greenland, and 
was also met with by our late voyagers at 
Aoonalashka. In America it is likewise well 
known. Hence it seems to be a bird com- 
mon to the whole of the northern part of the 
globe without exception. 
9. The montium, or twite, is about the 
size of a linnet. It has the feathers of the 
upper part of the body dusky, those on the 
head edged with ash-colour, the others with 
brownish red: the rump is pale crimson; 
the wings and tail are dusky, the tips ot the 
greater coverts and secondaries whitish; the 
legs pale brown. The female wants the red 
mark on the rump. Twites are taken in the 
flight-season near London, along with other 
linnets. It is probable that the name has 
been taken from their twittering note, having 
no music in it; and indeed the bird-catchers 
Will tell, at some distance, whether there are 
any twites mixed among linnets merely from 
this circumstance. The twite is supposed to 
breed in the more northern parts of our 
island. 
10. The amandava, or amaduvade bird, is 
about the size of a wren. The colour of the 
bill is of a dull red; all the upper parts are 
brown, with a mixture of red; the under the 
same, but paler, the middle of the belly 
darkest; all the feathers or the upper wing- 
coverts, breast, and sides, have a spot of 
white at the tip: the quills are of a grey 
brown; the tail is black, and the legs are of a 
pale yellowish white. It inhabits Bengal, Java, 
Malacca, and other parts of Asia. 
11. The senagala, or Senegal finch, is a 
species very little larger than a wren. The 
bill is reddish, edged all round with brown, 
and beneath the under mandible a line of 
brown quite to the tip: the same also is seen 
on the ridge of the upper mandible; the up- 
per parts of the body are of a vinaceous red 
colour ; the lower parts, with the thighs and 
under tail-covers, of a greenish brown ; the 
lfind part of the head and neck, the back, 
scapulars, and wing-coverts, are brown; the 
tall is black; and the legs are pale grey. It 
inhabits Bengal ; and, with the former species, 
feeds on millet. This affords the natives an 
easy method of catching them: they have no 
more to do than to support a large hollowed 
gourd, the bottom uppermost, on a stick, 
with a string leading to some covered place, 
and strewing under it some millet; the little 
birds, hastening in numbers to pick it up, 
are caught beneath the trap, by the stick 
being pulled aw ay by the observer at a dis- 
tance. The females are said to sing nearly 
as well as the males. They are familiar birds ; 
and when once used to the climate, will fre- 
quently live five or six years in a cage. They 
have been bred in Holland by the fanciers of 
birds. See Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 209. 
12. The canaria, or canary-bird, has a 
whitish body and bill, with the prime feathers 
of the wings and tail greenish. It was origi- 
nally peculiar to those islands to which it 
owes its name; the same that were known to 
theantients by the addition of the Fortunate. 
Though the antients celebrate tire island of 
Canaria for the multitude of birds, they have 
not mentioned any in particular. It is pro- 
bable then, that our species was not intro- 
E ft 1 
duced into Europe till after the second dis- 
covery of these islands, which was between 
the 13th and 14th centuries. We are uncer- 
tain when it first made its appearance in this 
quarter of the globe. Belon, who wrote in 
1555, is silent in respect to these birds; 
Gesner is the first who mentions them; and 
Aldrovand speaks of them as rarities, observ- 
ing that they were very dear, on account of 
the difficulty attending the bringing them 
from so distant a country, and that they were 
purchased by people of rank alone. They 
are still found on the same spot to which we 
were first indebted for the production of such 
charming songsters; but they are now be- 
come so numerous in our own country, that 
we are under no necessity of crossing the 
ocean for them. The canary-bird will prove 
fertile with the siskin and goldfinch ; but in 
this case the produce, for the most part, 
proves sterile : the pairs succeed best when 
tire hen-bird is the canary, and the cock of 
the opposite species. It will also prove pro- 
lific with the linnet, yellow. hammer, chaf- 
finch, and even the house sparrow ; but the 
male canary-bird will not assimilate with the 
female of these birds; the hen must be ever 
of the canary species, and the young of these 
mostly prove male birds. This bird is said 
by some to live 10 or 15 years; by others 
as far as 18. 
13, The maja, or cubafinch, is about three 
and one quarter inches long, is found in Cu- 
ba, and feeds principally on rice. See Plate 
Nat. Hist. fig. 210. 
FRI T, or Fritt, in the glass manufacture, 
is the matter or ingredients of which glass 
is to be made, when they have been calcined 
or baked in a furnace. A salt drawn from 
the ashes of the plant kali or from fern, or 
other plants, mixed with sand or flint, and 
baked together, makes an opaque mass,, call- 
ed by glass-nien frit ; probably from the Ita- 
lian frittare, to fry ; or because the frit when 
melted runs into lumps, like fritters, called by 
the Italians fritelli. Frit by the antients was 
called ammonitrum, from sand, and 
vtvpi y, nitre ; under which name it is described 
by Pliny thus: Fine sand from the Voltur- 
man sea, mixed with three times the quantity 
of nitre, and melted, makes a mass called 
ammonitrum; which being rebaked makes 
pure glass. Frit, Neri observes, is only the 
calx of the materials which makes glass; 
which, though they might be melted, and 
glass be made without thus calcining them, 
yet it would take up much more time. This 
calcining, or making of frit, serves to mix and 
incorporate the materials together, and to 
evaporate all the superfluous humidity. The 
frit, once made, is readily fused and turned 
into glass. 
There are three kinds of frit: the first 
crystal frit, or that for crystal or clear glass, 
is made with salt of pulverine and sand. 
The second and ordinary frit is made of the 
bare ashes of pulverine or barilla, without ex- 
tracting the salt from them. This makes the 
ordinary white or crystal glass. The third 
is frit for green glasses, made of common 
ashes, without any preparation. This last 
frit will require 10 or 12 hours baking. The 
materials in each are to be finely powdered, 
washed, and searced; then equally mixed, 
and frequently stirred together in the melt- 
ing pot. 
F R X 
FRITH, in it 3 most usual acceptation, sig- 
nifies an arm of the sea : such are the frith of 
Forth Or of Edinburgh, the frith of Ciyde, 
Murray frith, &c. 
FRITILLARIA, fritillary, a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the hexaudria class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 10th order, coronariae. 1 he co- 
rolla is hexapetalous and campanula, ted, with 
a nectariferous cavity above the heel in each 
petal ; the stamina are as long as the corolla. 
There are five species, all of them bulbous- 
rooted flowery perennials, producing annual 
stalks from about one loot to a yard or more 
high, terminated by large, bell-shaped, lili- 
aceous flowers, of a great variety of colours. 
They are all propagated by offsets, which 
they furnish abundantly from the sides of 
the roots, and which may be separated every 
second or third year; they are hardy plants, 
and will thrive in any ot the common bor- 
ders. The crown-imperial is well known. 
FRIZING of cloth, a term in the woollen 
manufactory, applied to the forming of the 
nap of a cloth or stuff into a number of little 
hard burrs or prominences, covering almost 
the whole ground. 
Some cloths are only frized on the back- 
side, as black cloths; others on the right side, 
as coloured and mixed cloths, rateens, bays, 
freezes, Prizing may be performed two 
ways: one with the hand, that is, by means 
of two workmen, who conduct a kind of 
plank that serves for a frizing instrument. 
The other way is by a mill, worked either by 
water or a horse, or sometimes by men. I his 
latter is esteemed the better way of frizing, 
the motion being uniform and regular, the 
little knobs of the frizing are formed more 
equably and regularly. The structure of 
this useful machine is as follows’: 
The three principal parts are the frizer or 
crisper, the frizing-table, and the drawer or 
beam. The two lirst are two equal planks or 
boards, each about 10 feet long, and 15 in- 
ches broad, differing only in this, that the 
frizing-table is lined or covered with a kind 
of coarse woollen stuff, of a rough sturdy 
nap ; and the frizer is incrustated with a kind 
of cement composed of glue, gum arabic, 
and a yellow sand, with a little aqua vitae or 
urine. The beam or drawer, thus called be- 
cause it draws the stuff from between the 
frizer and the frizing-table, is a wooden roller, 
beset all over with little, fine, short points, or 
ends of wire, like those of cards used in card- 
ing of wool. 
The disposition and use of the machine is 
thus: The table stands immoveable, and sus- 
tains the doth to be frized, which is laid with 
that side uppermost on which the nap is to 
be raised: over the table is placed the frizer, 
at such a distance from it as to give room for 
the stulTAo be passed between them, so that 
the frizer, having a very slow semicircular 
motion, meeting the long hairs or naps of the 
cloth, twists and rolls them into little knobs or 
burrs, while at the same time the drawer, 
which is continually turning, draws away the 
stuff from under the frizer, and winds it over 
its own points. 
All that the workman has to do while the 
machine is going, is to stretch the stuff on 
the table as fast as the drawer takes it off; 
and from time to time to take off the stuff 
from the points of the drawer. The design 
5 F 2 
