F R U 
F R U 
F U C 
780 
cf having the frizing-table lined with stuff of 
a short, stiff, stubby nap, is that it may detain 
the cloth between the table and the frizer 
Jong enough for the grain to be formed, that 
the drawer may not take it away too readily, 
which must otherwise be the case, as it is not 
held by any thing at the other end. It is 
unnecessary to say any thing particular of 
the manner of frizing stuffs with the hand, it 
being the aim of the workmen to imitate as 
near as they can, with their wooden instru- 
ment, the slow, equable, and circular motion 
of the machine: it needs only be added, that 
their frizer is but about two feet long and 
one broad; and that, to form the nap more 
easily, they moisten the surface of the stuff 
lightly with water mingled with whites of eggs 
or honey. 
FROG. See Rana. 
Frog-fish of Surinam, a very singular 
animal, of which there is no specimen in the 
British or any public museum. In Surinam 
these fishes are called jakjes. They are car- 
tilaginous, of a substance like our mustela, 
and exquisite food : they are formed with re- 
gular vertebrae, and small bones all over the 
body divided into equal parts ; are first dark- 
ish, and then grey ; their scales make a beau- 
tiful appearance. Whether this animal is, in 
its perfect state, a species of frog with a tail, 
or a kind of water-lizard, Mr. Edwards does 
not pretend to determine, but observes, tiiat 
when its size is considered, if it should be 
deemed a tadpole at first produced from 
spawn and in its progress towards a frog, 
such an animal, when full grown, if it bears 
the same proportion to its tadpole as those 
in Europe do, must be of enormous size; for 
our full-grown frogs exceed the tadpoles at 
least 50 times'. . 
FRONT of a battalion, among military 
men, is the first rank, or file-leaders. It is 
likewise called the face or head of a bat- 
talion. 
FRONTAL, or Frontlet, or Rrow- 
band, is used in speaking of the Jewish 
ceremonies. It consists of four several pieces 
of vellum, on each whereof is written some 
text of scripture : they are all laid on a piece 
of calf’s leather, with thongs to tie it by. 
The Jews apply the leather with the vql- 
lum on their foreheads in the synagogue, and 
tie it round the head w ith the thongs. 
Fron tal muscles. See Anatom y. 
FRONTIS os, in anatomy, called also os 
coronale, the bone of the forehead. See 
Anatomy. 
FROST. See Cold and Freezing. 
FROTH- spit, or Cuckow-spit, a name 
given to a white froth or spume, very com- 
mon in the spring. It forms the nidus of a 
species of cicada. 
FRUCTIFICATION. See Botany. 
FRUIT. Every person who shall bark, 
any fruit-tree, shall forfeit to the party griev- 
ed treble damages by action at the common 
lav;, and also 10/. to the king. 37 H. VIII. 
c. 6. 
Every person who shall rob any orchard 
or garden, or dig or pull up any fruit-trees, 
with intent to take the same away (the same 
not being felony by the laws of this realm), 
shall’, ,oii conviction before one justice, give 
to the party such satisfaction for damages as 
such justice shall appoint; and in default of 
payment to be whipped. 43 Eliz, c. 7. 
And with respect to what shall be deemed 
felony by the laws of this realm, the distinc- 
tion seems to be, that if they are any wav- 
annexed to the freehold, as trees growing, or 
apples growing upon the trees, then the tak- 
ing and carrying them away is not felony, 
but trespass only, for a man cannot steal 
1 part of a freehold; but if they are severed 
from the freehold, as wood cut or apples 
gathered from the trees, then the taking of 
them is not a trespass only, but felony. Id. 
Fine and imprisonment may be inflicted 
on persons destroying fruit-trees. 1 Geo. I. 
c. 48. 
Robbing orchards or gardens of fruit grow- 
ing therein, may be punished by fine, whip- 
ping, &c. 
Fruit-trees. See Gardening. 
FRUMENTARII, a kind of soldiers or 
archers, under the western empire. The 
lirst time we read of these officers is in the 
time of the emperor Adrian, who made use 
of them to inform himself of w hatever passed. 
They did not make any particular corps dis- 
tinct from the rot of the forces, but there 
was a certain number of them in each legion. 
It is supposed that they were at hrst a num- 
ber of young persons disposed by Augustus, 
throughout the provinces, particularly on all 
the grand roads, to acquaint the emperor, 
with all expedition, of every thing that hap- 
pened. 
FRU MENTATION, in Roman antiquity, 
a largess of corn bestowed on the people. 
This practice of giving corn to the people 
was very antient among the Romans, and 
frequently used to sooth the turbulent hu- 
mour of the populace. At lirst the number 
of those to whom this largess was given was 
indeterminate, till Augustus fixed it at two 
hundred thousand. 
FRUSTUM, in mathematics, a part of 
some solid body separated from the rest. 
The frustum of a cone is the part that re- 
mains, when the top is cut off by a plane 
para. lei to the base, and is otherwise called 
a truncated cone ; for finding the surface and 
solidity of which, see Geometry and Men- 
suration. 
The frustum of a globe or sphere is any 
part of it cut off by a plane, the solid con- 
tents of which may he iound by this rule. 
To three times the square of the semidia- 
meter of the base add the square of its height ; 
then multiplying that sum by the height, and 
this product multiplied by .5236, gives the 
solidity of the frustum: 
A frustum or portion of any solid, gene- 
rated by the revolution of any conic section 
upon its axis, and terminated by any two 
parallel planes, may be thus compared to a 
cylinder of the same altitude, and whose base 
is equal to the middle section of the frustum 
made by a parallel plane. 1. 1 he difference 
between such frustum and cylinder is always 
the same in different parts of the same or of 
similar solids; when the inclination of the 
planes to the axis, and the altitude of the 
frustum are given. 2. In the parabolic co- 
noid, this difference vanishes ; the frustum 
being always equal to a cylinder of the same 
height, Upon the section of the conoid that 
bisects th6 altitude of the frustum, and is pa- 
rallel tb its bases. 3. In the sphere, the 
frustum is always less than the cylinder by 
one fourth part of a right-angled cone of the 
same height with the frustum, or, by one half 
of a sphere, of a diameter equal to that ?■ 
height: and this difference is always the I 
same in all spheres whatever, when the alti- 1 
tude of the frustum is given. 4. In the cone 1 
the frustum always exceeds the cylinder by ;] 
one fourth part of the content of a similar j 
cone, that iias the same height with the frus* 1 
turn. 
FUCTISTA, a genus of plants of the octan- 1 
dria monogynia class and order. The c:a- i 
lyx is one-leafed, coloured, bearing; the co- 1 
rolla very large ; petals four, small. Berry . 
inferior, four-celled, many seeds. There are | 
live species, of which the fuchsia coccinea is ’j 
very beautiful, and is now a common plant, 
though only introduced in 1 788 from Chili. It 
will live in the open ground, though the stems 
will then die off annually. In the greenhouse 
it is a shrub, as are all the other species. 
FUCUS, a name given by the antients to i 
certain dyes and paints. By this name they 
called a purple sea-plant used by them to the 
woollen and linen cloths of that colour, 'i he 
dye was very beautiful, but not lasting ; for 
it soon began to change, and in time w eat 
wholly off. I his is the account Theophras- 
tus gives of it. 
"I he women of those times also used some- 
thing called fucus to stain their cheeks red ; 
| and many have supposed, from the satiie 
word expressing both, that the same kub- 
I stance was used on both occasions. But 
this, on a strict inquiry, proves not to be the 
case. The Greeks called every thing fucus 
that would stain or paint the flesh. But this j 
peculiar substance, used by the women to : 
paint their checks, was distiiig isheil from i 
the others by the name of rizion among the 1 
move correct writers, and was indeed a root 
brought from Syria into Greece. The La- 
; tins, in imitation of the Greek name, called j 
I this root radicula ; and Pliny very erronc- 
I ousiy confounds the plant with the 'radix lu- 
| naria, or strut hion of the Greeks. 
1 he word fucus was in those times become 
such an universal name for paint, that the 
Greeks and Romans had a fucus metallicus, 
j which was the cents used for painting the 
i neck and arms white ; after which they used 
! the purpurissum, or red fucus of the rizium,. I 
to give the colour to the cheeks. In after- i 
times they also used a peculiar fucus or paint, I 
for the pin-pose, prepared of the creta ar- j 
, gentaria or silverchalk, and some of the rich, j 
purple dyes that w ere in use at that time: j 
and this seems to have been very little dif- 
i fereiit from our rosepink, a colour commonly 
j sold at the colour-shops. 
J Fucus, in the Lmnaran system of botany, i 
1 is a genus of the order of alga*, belonging to I 
! the crypt ogam ia class of plants. The most 
\ remarkable • pedes are, 
1 . r I he sfcrralus, serrated fucus, or sea- 1 
wrack. ■ his is frequent at all seasons ofthe 
yearn non the rocks at low-water-mark, .but 
produce* its seeds in July and Augu*t. It 
consists of a flat, radical, and dichotomous 
leaf, about two feet long ; the branches half 
an inch wide, serrated on the edges with 
dents of unequal size, and at unequal dis- 
tances, having a flat sta k or rib divided like - 
the leaf, and running in the middle of it 
through all its various ramifications, A small 
species of coralline, chlled bv Linnaeus sertu- i 
laria pumila, frequently creeps along the leaf. 
All the -pecies of fucus afford a quantity of 
impure alkaline salts; but this much, less 
1 . 
