e a r 
justice, commissions of gaol-delivery are is- 
sued out, directed to two of the judges, and 
the clerk of assize associate ; by virtue of 
which commission, they have power to try 
every prisoner in the gaol, committed for 
any offence whatsoever. 
GARBE, in heraldry, a sheaf of any kind 
of grain, said to represent summer, as a bunch 
of grapes does autumn. 
GARBOARD-STRAKE, the plank next 
the keel of a ship, one edge of which is run 
into the rabbit made in the upper edge of the 
keel or. each side. 
GARCINIA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the dodecandiia class of plants, and 
in the natural method rauking under the 18th 
order, bioornes. The calyx is tetraphyllons 
inferior : there are four petals : the berry is 
octospermous, and crowned w'ith a shield- 
like stigma. There are three species. The 
mangostana is a tree of great elegance, and 
producing the most pleasant fruit of any yet 
known,. 
This tree has been very accurately de- 
scribed by Dr. Garcin, in honour of whom, 
as its most accurate describer, Linnams gave 
it the name Garcinia, in the 35th volume of 
the Philosophical Transactions. It grows, 
he informs us, to about 17 or 18 feet high, 
“ with a straight taper stem like a hr,” having 
a regular tuft in form of an oblong cone, com- 
posed of many branches and twigs, spread- 
ing out equally on all sides without leaving 
any hollow. Its leaves, he observes, are ob- 
long, pointed at both ends, entire, smooth, 
of a shining green on the upper side, and of . 
an olive on the back. Its flower is composed j 
of four petals almost round or a little point- 
ed: their colour resembles that of a rose, 
only deeper and less lively. The calyx of 
this flower is of one piece, expanded, and 
cut into four lobes. The two upper lobes 
are something larger than the lower ones: 
they are greenish on the outside, and of a fine 
deep red within : the red of the upper ones 
is more lively than that of the lower ones. 
This calyx incloses all the parts of the flower ; 
it is supported by a pedicle, which is green, 
and constantly comes out. of the end of a twig 
above the last pair of leaves. The fruit is 
round, of the size of a small orange, from an 
inch and a half to two inches diameter. The 
body of this fruit is a capsule of one cavity, 
composed of a thick rind a little like that of 
a pomegranate, but softer, thicker, and fuller 
of juice. Its thickness is commonly a quar- 
ter of an inch. Its outer colour is of a 
dark-brown purple, mixed with a little grey 
and dark-green. The inside of the peel is of 
a rose-colour, and its juice is purple. Last 
of all, this skin is of a styptic or astringent 
taste, like that of a pomegranate; nor does 
it stick to the fruit it contains. The in- 
side of this fruit is a furrowed globe, di- 
vided into segments much like those of an 
orange, but unequal in size, which do not 
adhere to each other. The number of these 
segments is always equal to that of the rays 
of the top which covers the fruit. The fewer 
there are of these segments the larger they 
are. There are often in the same fruit seg- 
ments as large again as any of those that are 
on the side of them. These segments are 
white, a little transparent, fleshy, membra- 
nous, full of juice like cherries or raspberries, 
of a taste of strawberries and grapes together. 
GAR 
Each of the segments incloses a seed of the 
figure and size of an almond stripped of its 
shell, having a protuberance on one of its 
sides. These seeds are covered with two 
small skins, the outermost of which serves 
for a basis to the filaments and membranes 
of which the pulp is composed. The sub- 
stance of these seeds conies very near to that 
of chesnuts, as to their consistency, colour, 
and astringent quality. 
“ This tree (according to our author) 
originally grow r s in the Molucca islands, 
where it is called mangostan, but has been 
transplanted to the islands of Java and 
Malacca, at which last place it thrives very 
well. Its tuft is so fine, so regular, so 
equal, and the appearance of its leaves so 
beautiful, that it is at present looked upon at 
Batavia as the most proper for adorning a 
garden, and affording an agreeable shade. 
There are few seeds, however, (he observes) 
to be met with in this fruit that are good for 
planting, most part of them being rrbortive.” 
Me concludes iiis description by mentioning 
that one may eat a great deal of this fruit 
without any inconvenience ; and that it is the 
only one which sick people may be allowed 
to eat without any scruple. 
Other writers concur in their praises of this 
fruit, Rumphius observes, that the mango- 
stan is universally acknowledged to be the 
best and wholesomest fruit that grows in In- 
dia ; that its flesh is juicy, white, almost 
transparent, and of as delicate and agreeable 
a flavour as the richest grapes ; the taste and 
smell being so grateful that itis scarcely pos- 
sible to be cloyed with eating it. He adds, 
that when sick people have no relish for any 
other food, they generally eat this with great 
delight; but should they refuse it, their re- 
covery is no longer expected. “■ It is re- 
markable (says he) that the mangostan is 
given with safety in almost every disorder. 
The dried bark is used with success in the 
dysentery and tenesmus, and an infusion of 
it is esteemed a good gargle for a sore mouth 
or ulcers in the throat. The Chinese dyers 
use this bark for the ground or basis of a 
black colour, in order to lix it the firmer.” 
According to captain Cook, in his Voyage 
round the World, vol. iii. p. 737, the gar- 
cinia mangostana of Linn re us is peculiar to 
the East Indies. It is about the size of the 
crab-abble, and of a deep red-wine colour. 
On the top of it is the figure of five or six 
small triangles joined in a circle, and at the 
bottom are several hollow' green leaves, wfliich 
are remains of the blossom. When they are 
to be eaten, the skin or rather flesh must be 
taken off, under which are found six or seven 
white kernels, placed in a circular order ; 
and the pulp with which these are enveloped 
is the fruit, than which nothing can be more 
delicious. It is a happy mixture of the tart 
and the sweet, which is no less wholesome 
than pleasant, and, as well as the sw T eet 
orange, is allowed in any quantity to those 
who are afflicted with fevers either of the pu- 
trid or inflammatory kind. 
GARDENIA, a genus of the pentandria 
monogynia class and order. The corolla is 
one-petalled, contorted err twisted ; stigma 
lobed ; berry inferior, two or four celled, 
many-seeded. There are 15 species, chiefly 
shrubs of the Cape and Japtfn. They are 
known in our stoves by the name of Cape 
jasmin, and some of them are highly orna- 
G A It S13 
mental. They are propagated by cuttings, 
plunged in a hotbed, &c. 
GARDENING. This art, so natural to 
man, so improving to health, so conducive to 
the comforts and the best luxuries of life, 
may properly be divided into tw r o branches ; 
practical, and picturesque or landscape gar- 
dening. 
The former is what every person, except 
the inhabitants of populous cities, has more 
or less occasion to practise ; the latter is a 
privilege which only the very opulent can 
enjoy, and which must consequently be the 
elegant amusement of a chosen few. 
Picturesque or landscape gardening should 
certainly never be attempted on a small scale. 
Indeed we are not certain that we may not 
be incurring a solecism in applying the term 
gardening to this department of agriculture. 
It is properly the art of laying out grounds; 
and the park or the farm, not the garden, 
is its object. It never can be attempted 
with success on a smaller scale than 20 acres ; 
but 50 or 1 00, or even more, are better adapt- 
ed to the design. 
That style of gardening which would unite 
both objects, and which would give a pictu- 
resque elfect to an acre or two of ground, is 
truly absurd. Many an improvident citi- 
zen wastes unprofitably the morsel of earth 
which should grow cabbages for his family, on 
an unprofitable grass-plat or shrubbery, on 
serpentines and mazes, and fish-ponds ; or 
even on cascades, to the infinite annoyance 
of his visitors, the prejudice of his own health, 
and the merriment of all persons of true taste. 
This mania for the picturesque would have 
been not less deserving the ridicule of an 
Addison, than the perverse taste which dis- 
played our first parents in yew, and the Graces 
and muses in Portugal laurel. 
A garden, properly speaking, is a small 
spot of ground attached to the house. As 
the house is itself a regular and formal object, 
so we naturally expect something of the same 
regularity in this appendage. Neatness too 
is one of the chief excellences of a garden, 
and this is found to be wholly inconsistent 
with this rage for the picturesque. Littered 
walks, and parched and cankered vegetables, 
with a wretched patch of green- in the middle 
where a weekly exhibition is made from the 
buck-basket, are the usual effects of this rus- 
in-urbe taste ; while all the real beauty, neat- 
ness, and utility, which a small spot of ground 
is really capable of affording, are preposter- 
ously neglected. 
It is also fashionable to make a separation 
between the pleasure and the kitchen gar- 
den. This may indeed preserve the few shri- 
velled fruit which the latter, on a diminutive 
scale, is capable of affording, from the hands 
of rapacious visitors ; but the range of the pro- 
prietor becomes by this appointment most 
deplorably limited and diminished ; and the 
vegetables will want what alone can render 
them fine and flourishing, the free circulation 
of air. 
For our own parts we cannot enter into 
that fastidiousness of taste, which can see no 
beauty in the esculent vegetables. There is 
a variety, and often a beauty, in their foliage, 
.not inferior to the furniture of a shrubbery. 
The common pea, was it an exotic, would be 
admired for its milk-white blossom; and tire 
bean for its agreeable fragrance. Few -hoG 
