GAR 
GAR 
821 
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them however clean from weeds, and stir the 
ground a little. 
Division of the roots is a way of propaga- 
ting many sorts of plants. To this end, of 
course, they must be taken np, and then 
either carefully pulled, or cut asunder with a 
sharp instrument, as the case may require. 
It is not safe, however, to divide such roots 
into very small pieces, especially if cut, as 
then they are apt to die ; but leave them of 
a size sufficient not barely to secure life, hut 
to form immediately a handsome head. The 
general Season for thus splitting fibrous-root- 
ed plants is October, but it may be done 
early in the spring, as February. 
Cuttings ot a variety of woody plants will 
grow, and many trees and shrubs are propa- 
gated this way ; but their sap must be of a 
watery nature, as those pLnts that are gum- 
my will not strike (or rarely), though ever so 
much care is bestowed, 'or time allowed 
them. The texture of the wood of cuttings 
must be somewhat soft, as hard-wooded ones 
will not grow. Cuttings should be rather 
short than long, and kept steady in the 
ground. If they are planted where there is 
any likelihood of their being disturbed, they 
may be tied to a stick well fastened in the 
earth. 
'Flic season for setting slips and cuttings is 
for some things summer, as wall -flo wers and 
myrtles ; and for most from October to 
March ; but, in general, the sooner the bet- 
ter. It has however been said that spring is 
the best time for all, and that the sap should 
be in motion first. This is at least true of 
some things: as cuttings of the vitex, or 
cliaste-tree (though hardy), are found to do 
best in spring; and all cuttings from plants 
of a delicate nature do so. 
Cuttings should be of well ripened wood, 
and have the earth pressed to them the whole 
length they are in the ground ; i. e. from 
four to six inches. Cut them with a sharp 
knife sloyewisc, and plant in a good soil, and j 
in a situation where they have only the morn- j 
ing sun : and keep them cool (not wet) by : 
occasional watering in dry weather. 
Laying of branches is a mode of propaga- 
tion that may be adopted for almost all fo- 
rest-trees, and several sorts of fruit-trees and 
shrubs ; i. e. all that will grow from cuttings, j 
and many that will not. Layers are less i 
rampant, and more fruitful than suckers ; and 
for those who are curious, and find a seminal 
variety of any tree or shrub that is remark- 
ably different from the original, the only way 
to have it preserved genuine is to convert it 
into a stool (by cutting down), and raising 
plants by layers. They are made of the 
lower branches of the plant, and must be 
young and pliable, to bend down without 
breaking to the depth of four, five, or six 
inches in the ground, as the soil is light or 
heavy, at which they must be held securely 
by good pegs ; and if they cannot be brought 
down sufficiently deep, some earth may be 
raised up to them. 
Let the ground about layers be kept cool 
by occasional waterings, and laying some 
moss, turf, litter, or rather small pebbles 
about them, which will not harbour insects. 
The part out of ground may be supported 
erectly by a tie to a stick. It is a good way 
to slit, with a sharp knife, the part at the peg, 
as in carnation layers, a little more than an 
inch ; and some prick a few holes about the 
part, at a joint, with a blunt awl, to help the 
layer to strike root. For the harder woods, 
some gardeners make several slits, or chips, 
in the part layered in the earth, and bind 
the layer rather tight, just above it, with 
pliant wire ; and soft-wooded layers are some- 
times twisted to crack the bark, in order to 
help the part to strike quickly. Generally 
layers should be shortened to six or eight 
inches above the ground ; or do it to two 
eyes, be it more or less above ground. 
Where there are no branches low enough 
to be brought into the ground, and it is not 
thought good to head down for the produc- 
tion of low shoots or suckers, plants may be 
layered by fixing a broken pot, or a box, 
with a slit m the side, to the height necessary 
to lay in a branch. A branch also, if long 
enough, may be thrust through the hole of a 
garden-pot upwards, then filled with earth, 
and supported by some contrivance, and 
shaded by some means, and in both cases 
water frequently. Take care not to injure 
the buds in drawing through the hole of the 
pot. By this contrivance rooted plants 
being procured in pots, may be turned out 
with the earth about their roots undisturbed. 
A branch of a vine thus layered in Novem- 
ber, may be next year cut off, when the fruit 
is ripe, brought in the pot to table, and af- 
terwards planted out. For propagation of 
fruit-trees by grafting, see that article. See 
also Greenhouse, Hot-beds, Nursery, 
J Orchard, Planting, Pruning, Vege- 
i tables, &c. 
i GARNET, granatus, in natural history, 
; a very beautiful g em of a red colour, with an 
: admixture of blueish. 
When pure and free from blemishes, it 
is little inferior, in appearance, to the ori- 
ental ruby, though only of a middle degree 
of hardness between the sapphire and com- 
mon crystal. It is found of various sizes, from 
that of a pin’s head to an inch in diameter. 
Among our lapidaries and jewellers, ge- 
nuine garnets are known by different names, 
according to their different degrees of co- 
lour. 1. The garnet, simply so called, is the 
finest and most valuable kind, being of a 
very deep blood-red, with a faint admixture 
of blue. 2. The rock-ruby, a name very 
improperly given to the garnet, when it is of 
a very strong but not deep red, and has a 
fairer cast of the blue ; this is a very beautiful 
gem. 3. The sorane or serain garnet, that 
of a yet brighter red, approaching to the co- 
lour of native cinnabar, with a faint blue 
tinge. 4. The almandine, a garnet only a 
little paler than that called the rock-ruby. 
Garnets are very properly distinguished 
into the oriental and occidental kinds, as 
being found in Europe as well as the East 
Indies. The oriental ones are principally 
brought from Calicut, Cananor, and Cam- 
bay; and the European are common in 
Italy, Hungary, and Bohemia. 
Some authors have supposed the deeper- 
coloured garnet to be the same with the car- 
buncle of the antients, from which it really 
differs ; since, on receiving the sun’s beams, 
it never gives so true a fire-colour as the car- 
buncle. 
This stone is found in great plenty in many 
mountains; it is usually crystallized. Idle 
primitiveform of its crystals is dodecahedron, 
whose sides are rhombs with angles of 78° 31' 
and 120® 28'. The inclination of the rhombs 
; to each other is 120°. This dodecahedro 11 . 
may be considered as a four-sided prism, ter 
minuted by four-sided pyramids. It is divi- 
sible into tour purailelompeds, whose sides aie 
rhombs; and each of these may be divided 
into four tetrahedrons, whose sides are isos- 
| celes triangles, equal and similar to either 
> of the halves into which the rhomboida! faces 
! of the dodecahedron are divided by their 
shorter diagonal. The integrant molecules 
of garnet are similar tetrahedrons. 
The texture of garnet, as Bergman fqst 
shewed, is foliated. Its fracture commonly 
conchoidal: causes single refraction: spe- 
cific gravity 3.75 to 4.188. Colour usually 
red, often green: brittle: often attracted by 
the magnet : fusible per se by the blowpipe 
into a black glass. 
Variety 1. Noble garnet. Specific gravity 
4 to 4.188: colour deep red inclining to vio- 
let : almost always in crystals. 
Variety 2. Common garnet. Found in 
mass and disseminated, sometimes in crys- 
tals: fracture uneven, inclining to the con- 
choidal: specific gravity 3.75 to 4: colour 
various ; shades of green and brown ; some- 
times hyacinth red and brown red ; rarely 
orange yellow. 
A specimen of oriental garnet, analysed 
by Klaproth, contained 
35.75 silica 
27.25 alumina 
36.00 oxide of iron 
0.25 oxide of manganese. 
99.25 
A specimen of red garnet analysed by Vau- 
quelin contained 52.0 silica 
20.0 alumina 
1 7.0 oxide of iron. 
7.7 lime. 
96.7 
And a specimen ofblack garnet, 
4 3 silica 
16 alumina 
20 lime 
1 6 oxide of iron 
4 water and volat. matter 
99. 
Pyrop is another species of the garnet. 
This mineral, which is found in Bohemia, and 
was formerly distinguished by the name of 
Bohemian garnet, has been lately separated 
from the garnet by Werner, and made a dis- 
tinct species. It is never found crystallized, 
but only in round or angular fragments, usu- 
ally small. Colour deep red, which passes to 
orange when the mineral is exposed to the 
sun. Very hard. Specific gravity 3.718 to 
3.941. Fracture conchoidal, and very bril- 
liant. According to the analysis of Klaproth, 
it is composed of 
40.00 silica 
28.50 alumina 
10.00 magnesia 
3.50 lime 
16.50 oxide of iron 
0.12 oxide of manganese. 
08.75 
Garnet, in a ship, is a tackle having a 
pendant coming down from the mainmast, 
with a block well seized to the main-stay, 
just over the hatchway, to which a guy is 
fixed to keep it steady ; and at the other end 
