824 
G A U 
G A U 
G A (J 
and 9 or 10 feet wide, ‘continued through 
the rampart, with proper recesses for toot- 
passengers to stand in, out of the way of wheel- 
carriages. 
GAVLLKIND, a custom principally to 
be found among the men of Kent, and 
supposed to be one of the effects of the gal- 
lant struggles they made to preserve their 
liberty, though it is sometimes found in other 
parts ot the kingdom. This tenure has 
'various consequences: the principal are, 1. 
1 he tenant can alien his estate by feoffment 
at the age of 15. 2. The estate does not 
escheat in case of an attainder and execution 
for ielony. 3. I n most places he had a power 
of devising his estate by will, before the sta- 
tute was made to restrain him. 4. The lands 
descend to all the sons equally together, ac- 
cording to the antient course of descent in 
England, and not according to primogeniture. 
GAY ELET, in law, an antient and spe- 
cial cessavit used in Kent, where the custom 
of gavelkind continues, by which the tenant, 
it he withdraws his rent and services due to 
the lord, forfeits his land and tenements. 
The process of the gavelet is thus. The 
lord is lirst to seek by the steward of his 
court, from three weeks to three weeks, to 
find some distress upon the tenement, till 
the fourth court ; and if at that time he find 
none, at this fourth court it is awarded, that 
he take the tenement in his hand in name of 
a distress, and keep it a year and a day with- 
out manuring ; within which time, if the 
tenant pays his arrears, and make reasonable 
amends for the withholding, he shall have 
and enjoy his tenement h before: if he 
come not before the year and day be past, 
the lord is to go to the next county-court 
with witnesses of what had passed at his own 
court, and pronounce there his process, to 
have further witnesses; and then by the 
award of his own court, he shall enter and 
manure the tenement as his own ; so that if 
the tenant desired afterwards to have and 
hold it as before, he must agree with the 
lord ; according to this old saying, “ Has 
he not since any thing given, or any thing 
paid, then let him pay five pound for his 
were, e'er he become healder again.” Other 
copies have the first part with some vari- 
ation ; “ Let him nine times pav, and nine 
times repay.” 
Gavelet, in London, is a writ used in the 
hustings, given to lords of rents in the city 
of London. Here the parties, tenant anil 
demandant, appear by scire facias, to show 
cause why the one should not have his tene- 
ment again on payment of his rent, or the 
other recover the lands on default thereof. 
GAUGE-POINT, of a solid measure, the 
diameter of a circle, whose area is equal to 
the solid content of the same measure. Thus 
the solidity of a wine-gailon being 231 cubic 
inches, it you conceive a circle to contain 
so many inches, the diameter of it will be 
17.15 ; and that will be the gauge-point of 
wine-measure. And of an ale-gallon, contain- 
ing 282 cubic inches, by the same rule, the 
gauge-point few ale-measure will be found to 
be 19.15. After the same manner, may the 
gauge- point of any foreign measure be 
obtained; and-hence may be drawn this 
consequence, that when the diameter of a 
cylinder, in inches, is equal to the gauge- 
point of any measure, given likewise in inches, 
every inch in length thereof will contain an 
integer of the same measure, e. gr. in a cy- 
linder whose diameter is 17.15 inches, every 
inch in height contains one entire gallon in 
wine-mea-ure ; and in another, whose dia- 
meter is 18.95 inches, every inch in length 
contains one ale-gallon. 
GAUGER, a king’s officer, who is ap- 
pointed to examine ail tuns, pipes, hogs- 
heads, and barrels of wine, beer, ale, oil, 
honey, &e. and give them a mark of allow- 
ance, betprethey are sold in any place within 
the extent of his oflice. 
There are divers statutes that mention this 
officer and l;is office; as by 27 Ed. III. c. 8 
ail wines, &c. imported are to be gauged by 
the king’s gaugers, or their deputies, other- 
wise they shall be forfeited, or their value ; 
and on default of the gauger, that lie be not 
ready to do Ins office when required, or that 
he defrauds in doing his office to the damage 
of the buyer or seller, he shall pa) the party 
grieved his treble damage, lose his office, 
be punished by imprisonment, and be ran- 
somed at the king’s will ; and in case less is 
found in the tun or pipe than ought to be, 
the value of as much as shall lack, shall be 
deducted in the payment. 
Every gauger shall truly, within the limits 
of his oflice, gauge all tuns, butts, pipes, 
tierces, puncheons, tertians, hogsheads, bar- 
rels, and fimlets ; and mark on the head 
of every vessel the contents, upon pain of for- 
feiting to the party to whose use the wine, 
&c. shall be sold, four times the value of that 
which the vessel marked shall lack of its 
content: the same forfeiture shall be re- 
covered by an original writ, ike. and every 
person selling the wine, &c. in the vessel 
marked, shall allow of the price, the valuq 
of gauge, or default of filling, upon pain of 
forfeiture to the buyer, of double the value, 
to be recovered with costs as before. No 
brew er shall put to sale any beer or ale in 
vessels brought from, beyond the sea, within 
the city of London, or suburbs of the same, 
or within two miles compass without the 
suburbs, before the same is gauged, and the 
true content of every-'such vessel set upon 
the same, by the gallon appointed for beer 
and ale, according to the standard, by the 
master and wardens of the coopers of London. 
GAUGING, the art or act of measuring 
the capacities or contents of all kinds of ves- 
sels, and determining the quantities of fluids 
or other matters contained therein. 
1 o gauge any vessel, or to find the quan- 
tity ot liquor it can contain, 
Kind how many solid inches will fill the 
cavity of the vessel, and divide these by the 
number of solid inches which make a pint or 
gailon; the quotient is the content of the 
vessel in pints or gallons. 
1 abi.e of Cubic Inches in several Measures. 
282 Cubic inches = 1 English ale gallon 
231 Ditto = 1 English wine gallon 
268.8 Ditto — 1 English corn gallon 
2150.4 Ditto == 1 English corn or mal 
bushel. 
From these divisors, multipliers may be foun< 
thus : Divide 1 by any number in this table, th< 
quotient is * constant multiplier, by which tin 
content of any vessel in cubic inches being muf 
tiplied, the product is its content in that mea- 
sure for which the multiplier was found. 
Table of Divisors and Multipliers. 
282 1 .003546 ale gallons 
231 
268.8 
2150.42 
.004329 wine gallons 
.0037202 corn gallons 
.00046502 malt bushels. 
In gauging vessels, th£ dimensions are always 
taken in inches and decimals of an inch. 
. Ex - 1 Suppose a vessel in form of a parallele- 
piped, the length of its base 27 inches, breadth 
164 inches, and the depth of the vessel 3 gi 
inches ; required the content in English ^le tral- 
lons ? ° ~ 8 
27 X 16-5 X 32.25 — 14367.375 cubic inches. 
If you divide 14367.375 by 282, or multiply 
them by .003546, the result will be the content 
of the vessel in English ale gallons, viz. 50.946. 
In the same manner, the content of any vessel 
may be found ; but those who practise o-aueimr 
j proceed thus : 8 ; 
j In any vessel equally wide from top to bottom, 
they compute the area of its base in square 
inches; and. by dividing or multiplying these 
by the numbers in the tables, get what they call 
the area in gallons, (that is, the number of gal- 
lons which the vessel contains when the liquid is 
only one inch deep), which multiplied by the 
depth of the liquid, gives the quantity contained 
in the vessel. 
£ v. 2. Suppose a trough, or cistern, in form 
of a right-angled parallelopiped, its base 27 
inches long, and 164 inches wide, and the height 
of the vessel 32$ inches, but the depth of li- 
quor only 20 inches ; required its content in 
English ale gallons ? Ans. 3] 594, 
2 . x 16 5 x 00:546 nz 1 579743 the area 
of the base in gallons, which multiplied bv 20, 
produces 31 .59-4 ale gallons. ' * 
i Ex. 3. Suppose a cylindric vessel hath the 
diameter of its base 20 inches, and its height 
30 inches; required the content in wine gal- 
lons? Ans. 40 8. 
20 X 20 X 7854 X 30 x 004329 = 40 8. 
Suppose a tub having circular bases the dia- 
meter of the mouth is 60 inches, and the dia- 
meter of tlm bottom is 36 inches, and the per- i 
pendicular depth from top to bottom is 30 
inches ; required its content in English ale gal- 
lons ? 8 
'lhisvessql is" to be considered as the frustum 
of a cone ; and on this supposition its content 
will he 55417.8 cubic inches ; which, bv reduc- 
tion, is 196.5 English ale gallons 
1 he calculation is tedious by common arith- 
metic, but may bjj easily performed by loga j 
rithms ; thus, 1 o twice the logarithm of the dia- ■ 
meter of one base add the logarithm of 7854, 1 
the sum is the logarithm of the area of that base! i 
Do the same for the area of the other base, and 
find the numbers answering to each. Then add 
the logarithms of the areas of the two bases, and 
take half of the sum, and find the number an- 1 
swering thereto. Add the areas of the two bases, 1 
and the last-found number, and multiply the 
sum by one-third part of the depth, the product 
is the content in cubic inches. 
Operation for the last Example. 
_. Log- Log. 
Diameter 60 1.7781513 Diameter 36 1.556302,5 j 
1.7781513 1 .5563025 : 
.7854 9.8950909 .7854 9.8950909 
2827.44 3.4513935 1017.8784 = 3.0076959 
1017 8784 2827.44 3.4513935 
1696.464 
2)6.4590894 
5541 .7824 
Mult, by 10 1696.464 = 3.2295447 
55417.824 Ans. 
The content of any vessel of this form may 
be found with less trouble by this rule : 
To the product of the diameters of the two 
bases, add one-third part of the square of their 
difference the sum is the square of a mean dia- 
meter ; which being multiplied by .7854, and the 
product by the depth of the vessel, gives the 
content in cubic inches. 
Exam. Let the diameter of the greater base be 
69, and of the lesser base 57.6, and the perpen- 
