£26 
G A U 
G E U 
at one inch deep; this multiplied by the 
length of the cylinder, will give its contents 
in ale-gallons. 
On the third face, 6, are three scales of 
hues ; the first, at t he end of which is written 
hogshead, is for finding how many gallons 
were are in a hogshead, when it is not full, 
lying with its axis parallel to the horizon, 
i he second line, at the end of which is writ- 
ten o.L. is tor the same purpose. The third 
is to find how much liquor is wanting to fill 
up a butt, when it is standing; at the end 
ot it is wrote B.S. signifying, butt standing. 
Halt-way the fourth face of the gaugiim- 
f. od , 7 ’ ther e are three scales of lines, to ‘find 
it wants in a firkin, kilderkin, and barrel, 
\mg w ith their ureas parallel to the horizon. 
! ,le .y are distinguished by the letters F. K. B. 
signifying a firkin, kilderkin, and barrel. 
Use of the gauge-line.— To find the con- 
tent ot any cylindrical vessel in ale-gallons, 
seek the diameter of the vessel in "inches, 
and just against it on the gauge-line is the 
quantity ot ale-gallons contained in one inch 
deep ; this multiplied by the length of the 
cylinder will give its content in ale-gallons. 
or example, suppose the length of the 
vessel .32.06, and the diameter of its base 
2.) inches, to find what is the content in ale- 
gakonsr Bight against25 inches on the gauge- 
line is one gallon and .745 of a gallon; which 
multiplied by 32.06, the length, gives 55. 
944/ gallons for the content of the vessel. 
I he bung diameter of a hogshead being 25 
inches, the head diameter 22" inches, and" the 
length 3 f . } .06 inches, to find the quantity of 
ale-gallons contained in it? Seek 25, the 
bung diameter, on the line of inches, and 
right against it on the gauge-line you will 
find 1.745: take one-third of it, which is 
.580, and set it down twice ; seek 22 inches 
in the head diameter, and against it you will 
find on the gauge-line 1.356; one-third of 
w i u c h added to twice .580 gives 1.6096; 
which multiplied by the length 32.06, the 
product will be 51.6, the content in ale-gal- 
lons, b 
Everard’s sliding-rule is principally used 
m gauging, being ordinarily made of box, 
a foot long, an inch broad, and 1 6-1 0th 
inch thick, with two small scales to slide in 
it, which may be drawn out, one towards the 
right hand, and the other towards the left, 
till the whole be 3 feet long. 
To gauge malt .— L If the malt lies on the 
" eor in a rectangular form, multiply the 
length by the breadth, and the product by 
the depth, all taken in inches; the product 
is the number of cubic inches in the quan- 
tity; which being divided by 2150.42, 
the quotient is the number of bushels. 
The same rule serves for finding the quan- 
tity of malt contained in any vessel in form, 
of a paralielopipedon. 
Examp. Suppose a quantity of malt on the 
floor, 283 indies long, 144 inches broad, and 
pi inches deep ; required the number of 
bushels ? 
Ans. 183.21. 
2. When malt is in a cistern, or any ves- 
sel, the content of the vessel is to be 'found' 
in cubic inches, by some of the former rules, 
and then divided by 2150.42, the quotient 
is the number of bushels. 
3. To find the solidity of any irregular 
solid. 
Put the irregular body into any vessel, 
and fill it with water; takeout tlie body, 
and the water will fall lower, and leave a 
part of t he vessel empty, equal to the solidity 
ot the body to be measured ; ihen measure 
so much water by a vessel of a known ca- 
pacity as shall fill up the empty space ; and 
the numher of cubic inches in that space, 
and consequently in the irregular body, will 
be known. 
GAl LTIIERIA, a genus of the class and 
order decandria monogynia. The cal. outer, 
2-leaved, inner 5 -cleft ; cor. ovate; nect. 
with 10 dagger-points; caps. 5-celled, co- 
vered with the inner calyx, now become a 
berry. M here is one species, a small but 
beautiful shrub of Canada. 
GAl RA, a genus of the class and order 
octandria monogynia. Tire calyx is four- 
cleft, tul>ulous ; corolla four-petalled, rising 
towards the upper side; nect. inferior, one- 
seeded, four-cornered. 'There is one spe- 
cies, a biennial plant of North America. 
GAURS, an antient sect of the magicians 
in Persia. 'They have a suburb at Ispahan, 
which is called Gaurabad, or the town of the 
gams, where they are employed only in the 
meanest and vilest: drudgery ; but they 
chiefly abound in Kerman, the barrenest pro- 
vinc e in all Persia, where the Mahometans 
suffer them to live with some freedom, and 
in the full exercise of their religion. Some 
years ago many of them fled into India, 
where their posterity remain. They are a 
poor harmless sort of people, zealous in their 
superstition, rigorous in their morals, and 
exact in their dealings-; they profess the 
worship of one God alone, the belief of a 
resurrection and a future judgment, and 
utterly detest all idolatry, though the Ma- 
hometans believe them to lie the most guiltv 
of it. It is true, they perform their worship 
before fire, for which they have an extraordi- 
nary veneration, as believing it to be the most 
perfect emblem of the Deity. 'They have the 
same veneration for Zoroaster that the Jews 
have for Moses, esteeming him a prophet 
sent from God. 
GAWSE, or Gaivze, in commerce, a very 
slight, thin, open kind of stuff, made of silk, 
and sometimes of thread; there are also 
figured gawzes, and some with gold or silver 
flowers on a silk ground. 
GAZELLE, in zoology. See Ante- 
lope, and Capra. 
GAZONS, in fortification, pieces of fresh 
earth, covered with grass, and cut in form of 
a wedge, about a foot long and half a foot 
thick, to line the outsides of works made of 
earth, as ramparts, parapets, &c. See Forti- 
fication. 
GEARS, or Chains, in country-affairs, 
the trappings and other harness belonging to 
draught horses or oxen. 
GELATINE, in chemistry. If a piece of 
the fresh skin of an animal, after the hair and 
every impurity are carefully separated, is 
washed repeatedly in cold water till the liquid 
ceases to be coloured, or to subtract any 
thing ; if the skin, thus purified, is put into a 
quantity ot pure .water, and boiled for some 
time, part of it will be dissolved- Let the 
decoction be slowly evaporated till it is re- 
duced to a small quantity, and then put aside 
lo cool. When cold, it will be found to have 
GEL 
assumed a solid form, and to resemble pre- 
cisely that tremulous substance well known 
to every body under the name of jelly. This 
is the substance called in chemistry gelatine. 
If the evaporation is still farther continued, 
by exposing the jelly to dry air, it becomes, 
hard, semitransparent, breaks with a glassy 
fracture, and is, in short, the substance so 
much employed in different arts under the 
name of glue. Gelatine then is precisely 
the same with glue, only that it must be sup- 
posed always free from those impurities with 
which glue is so often contaminated. 
Gelatine is semitransparent and colourless! 
when pure. Its consistency and hardness! 
vary considerably. 'The best kinds are very! 
bard, brittle, and break with a glassv frac-j 
lure. Its taste is insipid, and it has no" smell... 
When thrown into water it swells very much,! 
but doesnot readily dissolve; and when taken* 
out, it is soft and gelatinous, but when allow- 1 
ed to dry, it recovers its former appearance,! 
If it is put in this gelatinous state into warm 
water, it very soon dissolves, and forms a: 
solution of an opal colour, and the morel 
opaque according to the quantity of gelatine 
which it contains. Tremulous gelatine dis-j 
solves in a very small portion of hot water ;1 
but as the solution cools, it gelatinizes afresh,] 
If this solution, as soon as it assumes the tre-J 
mul ous form, is mixed with cold water, and. 
shaken, a complete solution takes place. ] 
Dry gelatine undergoes no change when 
kept, but imthe gelatinous state, or when dis-J 
solved in water, it very soon putrefies; an 1 
acid makes its appearance in the first place I 
(probably the acetic), a fetid odour is exhaled,! 
and afterwards ammonia is formed. When] 
dry gelatine is exposed to heat, it whitens J 
curls up like horn, then blackens, and gra-1 
dually consumes to a coal; but tremulous 
gelatine first melts, assuming a black colour, J 
When distilled, it yields, like most animal : 
substances, a watery liquid impregnated wit hi 
ammonia, and a fetid empyreumatic oil, j 
leaving a bulky charcoal of difficult incinera- 
tion. It is by no means a very combustible 
substance. 
Acids dissolve gelatine with facility, even 
when diluted, especially when assisted by 
heat ; but we are still ignorant of the change’s- 
produced upon it by these agents, except by * 
nitric acid. When this acid is digested on it, | 
a small quantity of azotic gas is disengaged,] 
then abundance of nitrous gas ; the gelatine j 
is dissolved, except an oily matter which ap- 
pears on the surface, and converted partly j 
into oxalic and malic acids. 
Muriatic acid dissolves glue with great : 
ease. The solution is of a brown colour) and-.] 
still continues strongly acid. It gradually 
lets fall a white powder. This solution pre- 
cipitates tan in great abundance from water, : 
and may be employed with advantage to de- ; 
tect tan when an alkali conceals it. Sul-) 
phuric acid acts much more slowly. The 
solution is brown, and gradually deepens; 
sulphurous acid is exhaled during the action ‘ 
of sulphuric acid on glue. Neither sulphuric 
nor muriatic acid occasions any change in the 
solution, of glue in water. Alkalies also dis- 
solve gelatine with facility, especially when 
assisted by heat ; but the solution does not pos- 
sess the properties of soap. 
None of the earths seem to combine with 
gelatine; at least they do not precipitate it 
from its solution in water. The following 
