805 
stocks to be so old by a year or two, as very 
small ones will do in this way ; for the stock 
is directly covered by the scion, and it takes 
with certainty if properly performed. Scions 
suitable to proper stocks cannot however al- 
ways be had. Stock and scion are to be 
both of a size ; or nearly so is better, the 
stock having the advantage in bigness ; for 
thus it is not so likely to be overgrown, as it 
happens when the scion is of a more free 
nature. When the stock is overgrown by 
the scion, it will give it some opportunity to 
thicken, by slitting the bark through down- 
wards, in two or three places. This circum- 
stance is not, however, material in dwarf 
trees. 
Having cnt the head of the stock off, and 
the scion to its proper length, slope the lower 
end ot the scion about an inch and a half, 
and to a point ; then cut the stock to answer 
it (the cut of the stock, however, may be a 
tritie wider and longer) bark against bark, 
and tie them together exactly to their place, 
and clay it. But for the greater certainty of 
keeping a scion to the part, cut it so as to 
leave a small shoulder at the top of the slope, 
and the stock so as to leave a narrow bit of 
its crown to answer it, and to hold it. 
1 here is a sort of whip-grafting that has 
l>een denominated slicing, or packing, which 
differs only from that just described, in this : 
that the stock is of any size ; and this is per- 
formed by cutting the scion to a face, as be- 
fore, and then taking off a slice from the (be- 
headed) stock, choosing a gibbous part of it 
so as exactly to correspond with the cut sur- 
face of the scion, taking care to fit them so 
that the scion may stand erect (or nearly) 
when clapped to. Shouldering is commonly 
practised also in this way. 
Grafting in the bark, or crown-grafting, 
is perhaps as good a way as any, both for ease 
of operation and certainty of success ; but 
it will hardly suit any other fruit than apples 
or pears, as oilier scions will be past use 
(most likely) before the bark of the slocks will 
peel, as the time for this business is towards 
the end of March, or beginning of April. 
The head being cut off, make a straight 
slit down and through the bark from the top, 
at the place destined for the graft, which 
should be rather southerly or westerly. This 
score down the hark should be nearly as 
long as the slope cut of the scion, which 
may be one and a half or two inches. Loosen 
the bark a little at the top of the score, and 
then with some smooth instrument of dry 
hard wood, ivory, bone, or silver, rather than 
iron or steel, open the bark sufficiently to 
receive the scion, by pushing the instrument 
down a trifle below the bottom of the slit. 
This instrument should be thin, tapered and 
rounded towards the point, to suit the shape 
of the scion’s face ; one side of it flat, and 
the other a little convex, the flat side being 
applied to the wood of the stock ; let it be 
rather narrower than the scion, that it may 
not loosen the bark too wide. 
Cut a bit of the bark of the scion smooth 
off at the bottom that it may not turn up in 
pushing down. Tt will be proper to cut the 
scion with a small shoulder, to rest upon the 
stock. And because when the scion is in, 
it will bear the bark up hollow from the 
stock, score the bark on each side the scion, 
so that it may fall close to the stock, and to 
GRAFTING. 
the edges of the scion. Bind and clay neatly. 
In this way of grafting there is a sort of agree- 
ment between the scion and stock neces- 
sary ; (he scion not being too big, or (he 
stock too small, to prevent a proper bed- 
ding. If more than one scion is not put in, 
(he stock on (lie opposite side to the scion 
should be sloped up about two inches in 
length, to half its thickness. 
.This way of grafting is used most property 
with strong stocks; and sometimes is applied 
to large branches, and even trunks of old 
trees, to change t^e sorts or renew the wood. 
In proportion to the largeness of w hich, from 
two to five or six scions are put in, and some- 
times of different sorts; and if the stock is 
large, the more the better, as it heals over 
the sooner, and as they insure the life of the 
stock, by receiving and carrying off the sap; 
in which respect a single branch of the head 
ot an old stock may be left on, for the sap to 
pass off by when it begins to stir. 
Side -grafting is done in the bark, much 
like inoculation, a scion being inserted in- 
stead ot a bud; but remember, there must 
be a fluent sap first, i. c. the bark must part 
readily from the wood, before this mode of 
grafting is attempted. The head of the stock 
is not to be cut off, only thinned a little if it 
is large, and the side shoots taken away. The 
bark ot the stock, where the insertion of the 
scion is to be, must be cut through in the 
form of the letter T, as wide and as long as 
is sufficient to receive the scion, cut as be- 
fore, with a slope face of at least an inch 
long, taking advantage, (if it may be) of a 
part of the stock that is a little gibbous. Let 
the bark of the stock be neatly raised to re- 
ceive it, but yet no more than necessary ; a 
little bit of the bark may be sliced off the 
part that is over the cross cut, to' receive the 
scion the better. 
Approach-grafting , or inarching, is per- 
formed ip April or May, when the stock we 
would graft, and the tree we would propa- 
gate, grow so near together, as to be con- 
veniently in contact, and the nearer the graft 
and the stock are of a size the better. This 
mode of propagation is esteemed the surest 
ot all ; and in truth, some things cannot be 
so well propagated any other way. It is a 
method that is, or can be, seldom used for 
common fruit-trees; but if any one wishes 
to try the experiment, the stock or stocks 
must be planted at least a year before, first 
making the soil good,, as it may need it, being 
so near another tree, for it of course must be 
close. 
Plants in pots or tubs being easily brought 
together, are frequently propagated this 
way ; so that inarching is used much in green- 
houses and hot-houses for various things,, as 
oranges, lemons, pomegranates,, jasmines,, 
and vines sometimes; oranges and lemons 
(Inis treated in May will be united by Au- 
gust. 
The method of inarching is, bend the best- 
situated young branch of the tree or shrub to 
be propagated, to the stock to be grafted, 
and having determined on the part at which 
most conveniently to fix the shoot, cut the 
bark of that part of the shoot off, with nearly 
half the wood (not to touch the pith) to the 
length of about three inches for a strong 
branch, or less for a weaker. Then cut ex- 
actly so much of the bark and branch of the 
stock off) as will receive the cut. part of the 
d 
branch or shoot, so as to bring bark and barfe 
in contact in every part ; and if the contriv- 
ance of lipping is used, it will secure them 
better together. Bind and day, and if in 
open ground, fix a ^take to tie the work so 
that the wind may have no power over it ; 
a tie also to a neat stick may be proper for 
those inarched in pots, &c. 
Budding, or inoculation, though here la* fc 
mentioned, is the most considerable mode 
of propagation. Apricots, peaches, and nec- 
tarines, are always propagated this way, and 
plums and cherries may be. Pears are 
sometimes budded, and apples have been, 
but the success is uncertain. Not only fruit, 
but forest, and ornamental trees and shrub* 
are inoculated. The branc hes also of trees 
as well as stems are sometimes budded, 
which is best done on two-years wood, 
though it may be on both younger and olde r,. 
Inoculation begins as soon as good. shoots- 
with good eves, of the present year can be: 
had, s.-> that the season may be reckoned from 
mid-June to mid-August; but about old. 
Midsummer-, or rather alter, is the usual and 
best timo for the work; it should be done ii-e 
a. monr.'g or evening (the latter rather best\. 
except the day is cloudy, when any part ofi 
it will do. 
Apricots being first ready, the budding, 
season begins with them. The stocks to be. 
used are those of the plum (raised from stones 
or suckers) when half an inch thick, a little 
under or over, and the operation is to take, 
place from four to eight inches from the 
ground. 
Peaches and nectarines are propagated on. 
the same sort of stocks ; but if the plum stock, 
is first buckled with an apricot (very low), 
and when cf proper size budded, with a 
peach, and especially a. nectarine, the advan- 
tage is reckoned that it takes best so,- and* 
comes to a better bearing, producing an im- 
proved fruit, and particularly the red Roman- 
nectarine. Apricots may be expected to 
be less luxuriant by double-budding, in which-, 
case the- first bud should be of the Brussels, 
sort. 
Plums and c-lierries may be inoculated on 
sucker stoc ks of any kind ; yet; if a free 
is required, (as for standards), stocks raised* 
from stones are best ; i. e. plums on plums,, 
and ch.crries- on cherries, though they will 
take upon- each other. 
Pears, if for standards, should be inoculated' 
on pear stocks,, and on those raised from* j 
seed, rather than suckers ; but if fob dwarfs,, 
quince-stocks may be best used, to keep the- ; 
trees from growing off too fast, and so get-,, j 
ting soon too big for their allotted spacer 
white-thorn stocks are sometimes used with 
the same view, but the fruit gets stony;. ; 
Stocks for budding dwarfs should be three, j 
years old ; but for standards four or more. 
Though the longer inoculation is deferred,, 
the riper the shoots will be for furnishing 
buds; yet there, is this advantage in begin- 
ning as early, as may be, that if the budding 
appears not to have taken, the work may be 
clone again before the season is out. Or, to,- 
ensure success, two buds may be inserted in 
the same stock (but not in a direction under, 
one another), and if both fail this year, the 
stocks may do again the next, as the heads 
in grafting bv inoculation are not to be cut ; 
off till the spring following, because the in- 
serted buds do not push off till then. 
