G R A 
bp/ 
o n a 
Let the sc-ions to procure burls tor inocu- 
lation, be taken only from the outside branch- 
es of healthy and fruitful trees. It early 
budding is attempted, it will be proper to cut 
off some spare shoot (not fit tor t he pur pose) 
to try first whether the bark will yet readily 
part from the wood. 
The season being right, and the scions at 
hand, have a sharp narrow-bladed kmie, 
and neat tough wet bass. Keep the buds, as 
much as may be, from sun and wind : they 
must not be taken from the upper part of the 
•cions, as the- bark and buds there are too 
raw. Xf scions or buds are brought from any 
distance, they should be conveyed in damp 
moss or grass, and never kept above a cay 
and night, but the sooner they are used the 
better. , 
Before the buds are prepared, get the stocie 
ready to receive them, by taking olt lateral 
shoots, leaving an uncut single stein. At the j 
part lixed on for the inoculation (which j 
shpuld be smooth, and rather on the north j 
side) cut the bark through to the wood in 
form thus, 'I', the cross and the down slit 
being of the length necessary to take in the j 
bud, which may be cut with from one to two | 
inches of bark ; putting the point of a knife | 
(or some instrument rather not of iron or 
steel) in to the top of the down cut of the 
stock, raise the bark all the way to the bot- 
tom, so that it will just receive the bud easily. 
There are knives made on purpose for bud- 
ding, with flat ivory hafts. 
To procure proper buds, put your knife 
in (suppose) about three-fourths of an inch 
above the eye, and with a slope downwards 
cut the scion half through, then do it at the 
same distance below the eye, and sloping it 
upwards cut up the middle of the wood, till 
the knife meets the upper incision, so the 
eve, or bud, will be directly in the middle. 
The next step is, to separate the wood 
from the bark, which is to be done thus: 
with your nail, or the point of a knife, loosen 
the bark at the top, and strip it from the 
wood; or rather with a swan or large goose 
quill, made in the form of an apple-scoop 
(having a regular smooth edge) push it down 
between the bark and wood, .pressing it 
•against the wood. 
Examine the insiue of the bark, and if 
there is a cavity just behind the eye or bud, 
it is crood for nothing, and another must be 
procured ; for the cavity shews, that the root 
of the bud is with the wood, instead of being 
with the bark. 
The leaf that grows by the eye is to be cut 
down to near its footstalk, so as to leave only 
a little bit of it to hold the bud by, while in- 
serting it in the stock. . 
See that the bark of the stock is loosened 
a proper length and breadth, and if, wnen the 
bud is putin, it should prove a little loo long, 
cut the spare part off; so that the top ot the 
bud being squared, falls in straight with the 
cross cut of the stock, i hus fixed, bind ii 
moderately tight in its place with the wet bass, 
beginning at the bottom, and passing by the 
lmd, go on till the top, or rather above it. 
{j are must be taken that the bud is not hint, 
and it is to be left only just starting out be- 
tween the bass. 
If the buds have taken, it will be seen in 
about three weeks or a month, by their ap- 
pearing fresh and plump. As often as any 
shoots appear below the budding, cut them 
otf, and also some of the shoots above, if 
there are many of them : for it is not proper 
that an inoculated stock should have a large 
head. In a month loosen the bandage, by 
taking it off, and putting if on gently again 
for another month. 
In March, cut the head of the stock off 
with a keen knife, close behind the budding, 
in a sloping direction ; some leave three or 
four inches of the stock above the bud till 
the following spring, and it will serve to tie 
the new shoot to, in order to keep it to a 
proper erect direction. Suffer no shoots 
from the stock, but rub the buds oil' as soon 
as they appear. It may be of use to shade 
inoculated buds a few days by a leaf, or a bit 
of paper. 
G II AIN, a small weight, the twentieth 
part of a scruple in apothecaries’ weight, 
and the twenty-fourth of a penny we.ght 
troy. A grain-weight of gold bullion is 
worth about two-pence, and that of silver 
but half a farthing. 
Grain also denotes the component parti- 
cles of stones and metals, the veins of wood, 
&x. Hence cross-grained, or against the 
grain, is contrary to the fibres ot wood, &c. 
GRAINING-board, among curriers, an 
instrument called also a pummel, used to 
give a grain to their leather. 
GRAMMAR, the art of speaking and 
writing any language with propriety. It is 
usually divided into four parts, orthography, 
etymology, syntax, and prosody. 
GRALLiE, in ornithology, is an order of 
birds, in the Linnean system, which have a 
beak a little cylindric, rather blunt, and 
bare of feathers at the base. The tongue is 
entire and fleshy, pointed at the end, and 
beset with bristles. The legs are without 
feathers, above the knees. This order in- 
cludes 20 genera, viz. the phxnicopterus, 
platalea, palamedea, mycteria, tantalus, ar- 
dea, corrua, recurvirostra, scolop'ax, tringa, 
fulica, parra, vaginalis, psophia, cancroma, 
rallus, scopus, glareolu, haiinatopus, and ciia- 
radrius. 
GRANADIER, a soldier armed with a 
sword, a firelock, a bayonet, and a pouch 
full of hand-granadoes. They wear high 
caps, are generally the tallest and briskest 
fellows, and are always the first upon all at- 
tacks. Every battalion of foot has generally 
a company of grenadiers belonging to it, or 
else four or five grenadiers belong to each 
company of the battalion ; which, on oc- 
casion, are drawn out, and form a company 
of themselves. These always take the right 
of the battalion. 
GRAN ADO, a hollow ball or shell, of iron 
or other metal, about two inches and a half 
in diameter; which being filled with line 
powder, is set on lire by means of a small 
fusee fastened to the touch-hole, made of the 
same composition as that of a bomb; as soon 
as the fire enters the shell, it bursts into many 
pieces, much to the damage of all that stand 
near. 
GRANARY. See Husbandry. 
GRAN AT [TE, a stone found in Galicia 
in Spain, Brittany in France, and at St. Go- 
thard. It is always crystallised in a very pe- 
culiar form; two six-sided prisms intersect 
each other, either at right angles or obliquely. 
Hence the name cross-stone, by which it wa s 
5 R 2 
G II A 
S known in France and Spain. Mr. Hauy has 
proved, in a very ingenious manner, that the 
primitive form of the granathe is a rectan* 
gular prism, whose bases are rhombs, with 
angles of 129\° and 5Crt?; and that the 
height of the prism is to the greater diagonal 
of a rhomb as 1 to 6 ; and that its integrant 
.molecules are triangular prisms, similar to 
what would be obtained by cutting the primi- 
tive crystal in two, by a plane passing verti- 
caliy through the shorter diagonal of the 
rhomboidal base. From this structure he 
has demonstrated the law of the formation of 
tiie cruciform varieties. The colour of gra- 
natite is greyish or reddish brown. Specific 
gravity 3.2861. Usually opaque. Glassy oc 
greasy. Infusible before the blowpipe. Two 
specimens, analysed by Vauqueiin, gave the 
following constituents : 
From Brittany, 
44.00 alumina 
33.00 silica 
13.00 oxide of iron 
3.84 lime 
1.00 oxide of manganese. 
94.84 
From St. Gothard, 
47.06 alumina 
30.59 silica 
15.30 oxide of iron. 
3.00 lime. 
95.95 , 
GRAND days, are those days in the 
several terms, which are solemnly kept 
in the inns of the court of chancery, viz. 
Candlemas- day, Ascension-day, St. John the 
Baptist, and All Sa.' ts’ -day. 
Grand jury, is die jury which find bills 
of indictment before justices of peace and 
gaol-delivery, or of oyer and terminer, &c. 
against anv offenders that may be tried lov 
the fact. 'See Jury. 
GRANITE, a genus of stones of the or- 
der of peine, belonging to the class of saxa. 
The principal constituent parts of this slcne 
; are feltspar or rhombic .quartz, mica, arid 
quartz. These ingredients constitute me 
hardest sort of granite, and that most au- 
tiently known. That into which schoerl en- 
ters is more subject to decomposition. They 
never have any particular texture or regular 
form, but consist of enormous shapeless 
masses extremely hard. In the finer granites 
the quartz is transparent ; in others generally 
white or grey, violet, or brown. The felt- 
spar is generally the most copious ingre- 
dient, and of a white, yellow, red, black, or 
brown colour. The mica is also grey, brown, 
yellow, green, red, violet, or black ; and 
commonly the least copious. The schoerl is 
generally black, and abounds in the granites 
that contain it. Hence the colour of the 
granites depends principally on that of tiie 
spar or schoerl. The red granites consist 
commonly of white quartz, red feltspar, and 
grey mica; the grey ones of white quartz 
grey or violet feltspar, and black mica. The 
black granites commonly contain schoerl in- 
stead of feltspar; and the green usually 
contain green quartz. 
On exposing granite to the flame of a 
blowpipe, the component ingredients sepa- 
