HAT 
900 
the obligation of delivering to the person who 
intrusts him with an oven, only two-thirds of 
as many chickens as there have been eggs put 
under his care; and he is a gainer by this 
bargain, as more than two-thirds of the eggs 
usually produce chickens. In order to make 
a calculation of the number of chickens 
yearly so hatched in Egypt, it has been sup- 
posed that only two-thirds of the eggs are 
hatched, and that each brood consists of at 
least thirty thousand chickens; and thus it 
would appear that the ovens of Egypt give 
life yearly to at least ninety-two millions six 
hundred and forty thousand of these animals. 
This useful and advantageous method of 
hatching eggs has been employed in France, 
by the ingenious Mr. Reaumur, who, by 
a number of experiments, reduced the art 
to certain principles. He found by expe- 
rience that the heat necessary for this pur- 
pose is nearly the same with that marked 32 
»ii his thermometer, or that marked 96 on 
Fahrenheit’s. This degree of heat is nearly 
that of the skin of the hen, and what is re- 
markable, of the skin of all other domestic 
fowls, and probably of all other kinds of birds. 
The degree of heat which brings about the 
developement of the cygnet, the gosling, and 
the turkey-pout, is the same as that which fits 
for hatching the canary-songster, and, in all 
probability, the smallest humming-bird: the 
difference is only in the time during which this 
heat ought to be communicated to the eggs 
of different birds: it will bring the canary- 
bird to perfection in eleven or twelve days, 
while the turkey-pout will require twenty-se- 
ven or twenty-eight. 
Mr. Reaumur invented a sort oflow boxes, 
without bottoms, and lined with furs. These, 
which he calls artificial parents, not only 
shelter the chickens from the injuries of the 
air, but afford a kindly warmth, so that they 
presently take the benefit of their shelter as 
readily as they would have done under the 
wings of a hen. After hatching, it will be 
necessary to keep the chickens for some time 
in a room artfully heated, and furnished with 
these boxes ; but afterwards they may be 
safely exposed to the air in the court-yard, 
in which it may not be amiss to place one of 
these artificial parents to shelter them if there 
should be occasion for it. 
As to the manner of feeding the young 
brood, they are generally a whole day after 
being hatched before they take any food at 
all ; and then a few crumbs of bread may be 
given them for a day or two, after which they 
will begin to pick tip insects and grass for 
themselves. Rut to save the trouble of at- 
tending them, capons may be taught to watch 
them in the same manner as hens do. Mr. 
Reaumur assures us that he has seen above 
two hundred chickens at once, all led about 
and defended only by three or four such ca- 
pons. Nay, cocks may be taught to perform 
the same office, which they, as well as the 
capons, will continue to do all their lives 
after. 
Hatching, or Hacking, in designing, 
&c. the making of lines with a pen, pencil, 
graver, or the like; and the intersecting or 
going across those lines with others drawn a 
contrary way, is called counter-hatching. 
The depths and shadows of draughts are 
usually formed by hatching. 
HA I i OCK, a shock of corn containing 
HAE 
twelve sheaves: others make it only three 
sheaves laid together. 
HAUL, or Hale, an expression peculiar 
to seamen, implying to pull a single rope, 
without the assistance of blocks or other such 
mechanical powers. To haul the wind, is to 
direct the ship’s course nearer to that point of 
the compass from which the wind arises. 
HAUTBOY, a musical instrument of the 
wind-kind, shaped much like the flute, only 
that it spreads and widens towards the bot- 
tom, and is sounded through a reed. The 
treble is two feet long; the tenor goes a fifth 
lower, when blown open: it lias only eight 
holes ; but the bass, which is five feet long, 
has eleven. 
IIAWK. See Falco. 
HAWKERS and Pedlars, are such 
dealers or itinerary petty chapmen as tra- 
vel to different fairs or towns with goods or 
wares,, and are placed under the controul of 
commissioners, by whom they are licensed 
for that purpose pursuant to slat. 8 and 9 \V. 
111. c. 23. and 29 Geo. III. c. 26. Traders 
in linen and woollen manufactories sending 
their goods to markets and fairs, and selling 
them by wholesale; manufacturers selling 
their own manufactures, and makers and sell- 
ers of English bone-lace going from house to 
house, &c. are excepted out of the acts, and 
not to be taken as hawkers. 
HAWKING. See Falconry. 
HAWSER, in the sea-language, a large 
rope, or a kind of small cable, serving for va- 
rious uses aboard a ship, as to fasten the 
main and fore shrouds, to warp a ship as she 
lies at anchor, and wind her up by a capstern, 
&c. The-hawser of a man of war may serve 
for a cable to the sheet-anchor of a small 
ship. 
HAWSES, in a ship, are two large holes 
under the bow, through which the cables 
run when she lies at anchor. Thus the hawse- 
pieces are the large pieces of timber in which 
these holes are made. Hawse-bags, are bags 
of canvas made tapering, and stuffed full of 
oakum ; which are generally allowed small 
ships, to prevent the sea from washing in at 
these holes: and hawse-plugs are plugs to 
stop the hawses, to prevent the water from 
washing into the manger. 
I here are also some terms in the sea- lan- 
guage that have an immediate relation to the 
hawses. r I husa bold hawse, iswhen the holes 
are high above the water. Fresh the hawse, 
or veer out more cable, is used when part of 
the cable that lies in the hawse is fretted or 
chafed, and it is ordered that more cable 
may he veered out, so that another part of it 
may rest in the hawses. Fresh the hawse, 
that is, lay new pieces upon the cable in the 
hawses, to preserve it from fretting. Burn- 
ing in the hawse, is when the cables endure 
a violent stress. Clearing the hawses, is dis- 
entangling two cables that come through dif- 
ferent hawses. To ride hawse-full, is when 
in stress of weather the ship falls with her 
head deep in the sea, so that the water runs 
in at the hawses. 
HAY, any kind of grass, cut and dried, 
for tne food of cattle. See Husbandry. 
HAZARD.: a game on dice, without 
tables, is very properly so called, since it spee- 
dily makes a man, or undoes him. 
it is played with only two dice; and as 
H E A 
many may play it as can stand round the 
largest round table. 
Two things are chiefly t© be observed, viz. 
main and chance; the latter belonging to the 
caster, and the former, or main, to the other 
gamesters. 1 here can be no main thrown 
above nine, nor under five; so that live, six 
seven, eight, and nine, are the only mains 
flung at hazard. Chances and rucks are. 
from four to ten: thus four is a chance to 
nine, five to eight, six to seven, seven to six, 
eight to live ; and nine and ten a chance to 
five, six, seven, and eight: in short, four, live, 
six, seven, eight, nine, and ten, are chances 
to any main, it any of these nick it net. Now 
nicks are either when the chance is the same 
with the main, as live and five, or the like ; or 
six and twelve, seven and eleven, eight and 
twelve. Here observe, (hat twelve is' out to 
nine, seven, and five; eleven is out to nine, 
eight, six, and five; and ames-ace and deuce- 
ace are out to all mains whatever. 
But to illustrate this game by a few ex- 
amples: Suppose the main to he seven, and 
the caster throws live, which is his chance; 
lie then throws again, and if five turn up, lie 
wins all the money set him ; but if seven is 
thrown, he must pay as much money as there 
is on the board: again, if seven is the main, 
and the caster throws eleven, or a nick, Ire 
sweeps away all the money on the table; but 
if lie throws a chance, as in the first case, he 
must throw again: lastly, if seven is the main, 
and the caster throws ames-ace, deuce-ace, or 
twelve, he is out; but if he throws from four 
to ten, he lias a chance ; though they are ac- 
counted the worst chances on the dice, as se- 
ven is reputed the best and easiest main to be 
flung. Four and five are bad throws (the 
former of which being called by the tribe of 
nickers little dick-fisher), as having only two 
chances, viz. trey- ace and two deuces, or trey- 
deuce and quartre-ace: whereas seven has 
three chances, viz. cinque-deuce, sice-ace, 
and quartre-trey. Nine and ten are in the 
like condition with four and five, having only 
two chances. Six and eight have indeed the 
same number of chances with seven, viz. 
thi ee ; but experienced gamesters neverthe- 
less prefer the seven, by reason of the diffi- 
culty to throw the doublets, two quarters, or 
two treys. It is also the opinion ol most, that 
at the first thiow the caster has the worst of 
it. On the whole, hazard is certainly one of 
the most bewitching and ruinous games 
played on the dice. Happy, therefore, the 
man who either never heard of it, or who has 
resolution enough lo leave it off' in time. 
HAZEL. See Corylus. 
HEAD. See Anatomy. 
Head. See Architecture. 
Head, in heraldry. The heads of men, 
beasts, or birds, are very frequent in armoury; 
and borne either full-faced, looking forward 
or side-faced in profile, when only one half 
of the face appears, which differences ought 
to be mentioned in blazoning, to avoid mis- 
takes; as a head, or heads fronting; or a 
head, or heads side-faced, or in profile: thus, 
vert, a chevron gules, between three turks’- 
heads couped side-faced proper, is borne by 
the name of Smith. And again, or, a cress 
gules, between four blackmoors’ heads 
couped at the shoulders proper, is borne by 
the name Juxon. As the head is the princi- 
pal part of the body, so it is of course thg 
noblest bearing. 
5 
