910 
her husband on the dexter side, and her's on ! 
the sinister side, upon a lozenge, as the ex- 
ample. 
Knight of the garter and his lad y. — When 
a knight of the garter is married, his wife’s 
arms must be placed in a distinct shield, be- 
cause his arms are surrounded with the en- 
sign ot that order ; lor though the husband 
may give his equal share of the shield and he- 
reditary honour, yet he cannot share his tem- 
porary order ot knighthood with her. 
Commoner and his lady . — The arms of a 
commoner married to a lady of quality : he 
is not to impale her arms with his own ; they 
are to be set aside of one another in separate 
shields, as the lady still retains her title and 
rank. See the example. 
Of the external ornaments of escutcheons. 
— The ornaments that accompany or sur- 
round escutcheons denote the birth, dignity, 
or office, of the person to whom the coat of 
arms appertained! ; and obtains both among 
the laity and clergy. The chief of which are 
as follow: 
Croze ns . — The first crowns were only dia- 
dems, bands, or fillets ; afterwards they were 
composed ot branches of divers trees, and 
then flowers were added to them. Among 
the Greeks, the crowns given to those who 
carried the prize at tiie Isthmian games, were 
of pine ; at the Olympic, of laurel; and at 
the Nemean, of smallage. The Romans had 
various crowns to reward martial exploits and 
extraordinary services done to the republic. 
Examples of some of these crowns are fre- 
quently met with in modern achievements. 
Modern crowns are only used as an orna- 
ment, which emperors, kings, and independ- 
ent princes set on their heads, in great so- 
lemnities, to denote their sovereign autho- 
rity. These are described in heraldry as 
follow : 
The imperial crown is made of a circle of 
gold, adorned with precious stones and pearls, 
heightened with fleurs-de-lis, bordered and 
seeded with pearls, raised in the form of a cap 
voided at the top, like a crescent. From the 
middle of this cap rises an arched fillet enrich- 
ed with pearls, and surmounted of a mound, 
whereon is across of pearls. See Plate II. 
The crown of the kings of Great Britain is 
a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, en- 
riched with pearls and precious stones, and 
heightened up with four crosses pattee, and 
four large fleurs-de-lis alternately ; from these 
rise four arched diadems adorned with pearls, 
which close under a mound, surmounted of a 
cross like those at bottom. 
The crowns of Spain and Portugal are a 
ducal coronet, heightened up with eight arch- 
ed diadems that support a mound, unsigned 
with a plain cross. Those of Denmark and 
Sweden are both of the same form ; and con- 
sist of eight arched diadems, rising from a 
marquis’s coronet, which conjoin at the top 
under a mound unsigned with a cross botone. 
The crowns of most other kings in Europe 
are circles of gold, adorned with precious 
stones, and heightened up with large trefoils, 
and closed by four, six, or eight diadems, 
supporting a mound, surmounted of a cro-s. 
The great Turk bears over his arms a tur- 
ban, enriched with pearls and diamonds, un- 
der two coronets, the first of which is made 
of pyramidical points heightened up with 
large pearls, and the uppermost is surmount- 
ed with crescents. 
HERALDRY’, 
The pope appropriates to himself a tiara or j 
long cap of golden cloth, from which hang 
two pendants embroidered and fringed at the 
ends, semee of crosses of gold, This cap is 
inclosed by three marquis's coronets ; and 
has on its top a mound of gold, whereon is a 
cross of. the same, which cross is sometimes 
represented by engravers and painters po- 
metted, recrossed, flowery, or plain. It is a 
difficult matter to ascertain the time when 
these haughty prelates assumed the three 
fo'rementioned coronets. See Plate II. 
Coronets . — The coronet of the prince of 
Wales, or eldest son of the king of Great 
Britain, was antiently a circle of gold set 
round with four crosses-pattee, and as many 
fleurs-de-lis alternately ; but since the Resto- 
ration it lias been closed with one arch only, 
adorned with pearls, and surmounted of a 
mound and cross, and bordered with ermine 
like the king’s. But besides the coronet his 
royal highness has another distinguishing 
mark of honour, peculiar to himself, viz. a 
plume of three ostrich feathers, with an an- 
tient coronet of a prince of Wales. Under 
it, in a scroll, is this motto, Ich dien, which 
in the German or old Saxon language signi- 
fies “ I serve.” This device was at first 
taken by Edward prince of Wales, common- 
ly called the black prince, after the famous 
battle of Cressy, in 1346, where having with 
his own hand killed John, king of Bohemia, 
he took from his head such a plume, and put 
it on his own. See Plate 1.' 
The coronet of all the immediate sons and 
brothers of the kings of Great Britain is a 
circle of gold, bordered with ermine, height- 
ened up with four Heurs-de-lis, and as many i 
crosses-patee alternate. The particular and 
distinguishing form of such coronets as are 
appropriated to princes of the blood royal, is 
described and settled in a grant of Charles 
II. the 13th of his reign. See Plate I. 
Tie coronet of the princesses of Great 
Britain is a circle of gold, bordered with er- 
mine, and heightened up with crosses-pattee, 
fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry leaves alternate; 
whereas a prince’s coronet has only ileurs-de- 
lis and crosses. 
A duke’s coronet is a circle of gold bor- 
dered with ermine, enriched with precious 
stones and pearls, and set round with eight 
large strawberry or parsley leaves. See 
Piate I. 
A marquis’s coronet is a circle of gold, 
bordered with ermine, set round with four 
strawberry leaves, and as many pearls on py- 
ramidical points of equal height, alternate. 
See Plate I. 
An earl’s coronet is a circle of gold, bor- 
dered with ermine, heightened up with eight 
pyramidical points or rays, on the tops of 
which are as many large pearls, that are 
placed alternately with as many strawberry 1 
leaves, but the pearls much higher than the 
leaves. See Plate I. 
A viscount’s coronet differs from the pre- 
ceding Ones as being only a circle of gold 
bordered with ermine, with large pearls set 
close together on the rim, without any li- 
mited number, which is his prerogative above 
the baron, who is limited. See Plate I. 
A baron’s coronet, which it appears was 
granted by king Charles II., is formed with 
six pearls set at equal distances on a gold 
circle, bordered with ermine, four of which 
only are seen on engravings, paintings, ike. 
to shew he is inferior to the viscount. See 
Plate 1. * 3 
The eldest sons of peers, above the de- 
gree of a baron, bear their father’s arms and 
supporters with a label, and use the coronet 
appertaining to their father’s second title ; 
and all the younger sons bear their arms with 
proper differences, but use no coronets. 
As the crown of the king of Great Bri- 
tain is not quite like that of other poten- 
tates, so do most of tiie coronets of foreign 
noblemen differ a little from those of the Bri- 
tish nobility. 
Mitres. — The archbishops and bishops of 
England and Ireland place a mitre over their 
coat of arms. It is a round cap pointed and 
cleft at the top, from which hang two pend- 
ants fringed at both ends ; with this differ- 
ence, that the bishop’s mitre is only surround- 
ed with a fillet of gold, set with precious 
stones, whereas the archbishop’s issues out of 
a ducal coronet. See Plate I. 
This ornament, with other ecclesiastical 
garments, is still worn by all the archbishops 
and bishops of the church of Rome, when- 
ever they officiate with solemnity ; but it is 
never used in England otherwise than on 
coats of arms, as before mentioned. 
The first archbishop’s consecration in Eng- 
land was in the year 568. No mitre but an 
archbishop’s is borne upon a ducal coronet, 
except the bishop of Durham, that see being 
a principality. 
The first bishop’s consecration in England 
was in the year 51 6 . 
Chapeaux, wreaths, and crests .-— A eha- 
[ peau is an antient hat, or rather cap, of dig- 
nity, worn by dukes, generally scarlet-co- 
loured velvet on the outside, lined and turn- 
ed up with fur; frequently to be met with 
above an helmet, instead of a wreath, under 
gentlemen’s and noblemen’s crests. Hereto- 
fore they were seldom to be found, as of right 
appertaining to primate families ; but by the 
grants .of Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, and 
other succeeding heralds, these, together 
with ducal coronets, are new frequently to be 
met with in families, who yet claim not above 
the degree of gentlemen. See Plate II. 
The wreath is a kind of roll made of two 
skains of silk of different colours twisted to- 
gether, which antient knights wore as a head- 
dress when equipped for tournaments. 1 'he 
colours of the silk are always taken from the 
principal metal and colour contained in the 
coat of ai ms of the bearer. They are still 
accounted as one of the lesser ornaments of 
escutcheons, and are placed between the 
helmet and the crest (see Plate II.). In the 
time of Henry I. and long after, no man who 
was under the degree of a knight had his 
crest set on 3 , wreath ; but this, like other 
prerogatives, has been infringed so far that 
every body now-a-days wears a wreath. 
The crest is the highest part of the orna- 
ments of a coat of arms. It is called crest, 
from the Latin word crista, which signifies 
comb or tuft, such as many birds have upon 
their heads, as the peacock, pheasant, &c. in 
allusion to the place on which it is fixed. See 
Plate II. crest of the prince of Wales. 
Crests were formerly great marks of ho- 
nour, because they were only worn by heroes 
of great valour, or by such as were advanced 
to some superior military command, in order 
that they might be the better distinguished in 
an engagement, and thereby rally their men 
