H I ? 
H I P 
always bound to do, But it is said that such 
a general prescription is not sufficient to 
charge a private person, because no man is 
bound to do a thing which his ancestors have 
done, unless it is for some special reason ; as 
having lands descended to him holden by 
such service, & c 1 Haw. 202, 203. 
It seems certain in all cases whether a pri- 
vate person is bound to repair an highway 
by inclosure or prescription, that the parish 
cannot take the advantage of it on the ge- 
neral issue, but must plead it specially ; and 
that, therefore, if to an indictment against 
the parish for not repairing -an highway, they 
plead not guilty, this shall be intended only 
that the ways are in repair, but does not go 
to the right of reparation. 1 Mod. 112. 
At common law, it is said that all the 
county ought to make good the reparations 
of an highway, where no particular persons 
are bound to do it, because the whole coun- 
ty have their ease and passage by the said 
way. Co. Itep. 13. 
By the antient common law villages are to 
repair their highways, and may be punished 
for their decay; and if any does injury, or 
straightens the highway, he is punishable in the 
king’s bench, or before the justices of peace 
in the court leet, &c. Cromp. Jurisd. 76. 
Destroying any public turnpike-gate, or 
the rails or fences thereto belonging, sub- 
jects the offender to hard labour for three 
months, and to be publicly whipped. 1 Geo. 
li. c. i y. 
On conviction at the assizes, the offender 
may be transported for seven years. And on 
a second offence, or on demolishing any turn- 
pike-house, he shall be guilty of felony, arid 
transported for seven years. But in both 
these cases the prosecution must be within 
six months ; and on the convict's returning 
from transportation he shall suffer death. 3 
G. II. c. 33. 
Every justice of the peace by the statute, 
upon his own view, or on oath made to him 
by the surveyor, may make presentment of 
roads being ’out of repair ; and thereupon 
like processes shall be issued as upon indict- 
ment. 
HIGHWAYMEN, are robbers on the 
highway; for the apprehending and taking 
of whom a reward of 40 1. is given by the sta- 
tute of 4 and 5 Will, and Mar. 
HILLIA, a genus of the monogyma or- 
der, in the hexandria class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking with those of 
which the order is doubtful. 1 he calyx is 
liexaphyllous ; the corolla cleft in six parts, 
and very long ; the berry inferior, bilocular, 
and polyspermous. There are two species, 
shrubs of Jamaica. 
HIP, or Haw, in the materia medica, is 
reputed attenuant and diuretic. There is a 
a very pleasant conserve of hips kept in the 
shops. 
lHPPIA, a genus of the polygamia neces- 
saria order, in the syngenesia class of plants. 
The receptacle is naked ; there is rio pap- 
pus ; the seeds are naked, with very broad 
margins ; the calyx is hemispheric, and sub- 
imbricated ; the radius consists of 10 corol- 
luhe, obscure, and rather cleft into three. 
There are three species, shrubs of the East 
Indies and the Cape. 
HIPPO BOSC A, a genus of insects of the 
order diptera. The generic chaiac er is, 
mouth furnished with a bivalve, cylindric, 
obtuse, nutant snout; body depressed; 
feet furnished with several claws. 1 his 
is not an extensive genus ; the European 
hippobosca:, so far as our present ento- 
mological information reaches, scarcely af- 
fording more than live or six distinct species. 
Of these the most familiar is the hippobosca 
equina (see Plate Nat. Hist, kg- 225), or 
horse-fi/v, so troublesome to those animals, 
as well* as to cattle, during the decline of 
summer, bv its irritating 'motion (which is 
performed ’in various directions with equal 
facility), and by the pungent pain which its. 
proboscis excites while in the act of suction. 
In size it varies indifferent districts, and seems 
to be largest in the southern climates, it | 
usually, however, measures something moie 
than a quarter of an inch in length, and is of a 
flattened form, with a rounded abdomen, 
and moderately broad obtuse wings : its co- , 
lour is a blackish chesnut, with the thorax 
speckled with white, and the abdomen mark- 
ed with obscure variegations of a deepei 
cast: the skin is of a remarkably strong, or 
coriaceous nature, since the insect may be 
pressed strongly between the lingers without 
being apparently injured. r I he female of 
this insect deposits a single egg at distant in- 
tervals, ’and so very large is the egg, as at 
least to equal, if not in some degree to sur- 
pass, the size of the abdomen itself of the pa- 
rent insect. In reality, however, this seem- 
ing egg may be rather considered as a pupa, 
since it undergoes no farther alteration el 
form. It continues perfectly inert, and gra- 
dually becomes of a brown, and at length of 
a polished, black colour ; and thus com- 
mences a genuine or confirmed pupa, which, 
if opened after a certain period, exhibits the 
fly in its unadvanced state, and of a white 
colour. It often lies during the whole winter 
in this state, the fly emerging in the succeed- 
ing summer. 
2. Hippobosca avicularia much resembles 
the preceding species, but is considerably 
smaller, and of a dull-green colour : it is 
often observed on the bodies of various biuls, 
which it infests in a very troublesome de- 
gree. _ _ . 
3. Hippobosca hi rundinis is enual in size to 
the II. avicularia, and is of a livid-greenish 
colour, with the abdomen deeply emargmated 
behind, so as to represent the usual figure 
of an inverted heart: the wings are of a 
sharpened or lanceolate form ; and the feec, 
instead of being terminated by two claws 
only, as in the generality of insects, have six 
sharp curved divisions, Ibis species is very 
often observed on the bodies of swallows, 
swifts, and martins ; and may almost always 
be found in their nests. Its motion, like that 
of the two preceding kinds, is brisk, but ir- 
regular, moving in all directions with equal 
facility. The egg or pupa of this species is 
at least as large in proportion to the parent 
as that of the horse-fly : it gradually changes 
to a jet-black colour, and the complete fly 
is usually produced from it in the space of a 
month. 
4. Hippobosca ovina is commonly known 
by the name of the sheep-tick, and is very 
frequently found imbedded in the wool of 
those animals. It is -of a reddish-brown co- 
lour, and differs from the rest of the genus 
in being entirely destitute of wings. Its 
pupa is also of reddish-brown colour, exactly 
oval, and of a shining surface. 
5 Z 2 
n i v 
All the 'hippobosca- are remarkably teiia* 
ciousof life, and the H. ovina in particular, 
which" may 'often be observed in wool that 
lias long •been packed into fleeces. 
Jill’ POC RAM PUS. See Syngnethus. 
H1PPOCKATIA, a genus of the mono- 
gvnia order, in -the triaudria class ot plants, 
and in the natural method ranking with those 
of which the order is doubtful. The calyx is 
quinquepartite ; the petals 'five, the capsu es 
three in number, and the latter of an oncor- 
date shape. There are two species, scaudent 
plants ot the W est Indus- 
HlPPOCREI’lS. common horseshoe- 
retch, a genus of l-he decandria order, in the 
diadelphi i class of plants, and in t he natural 
method ranking unioer the 32 order, papiho- 
na' cue. The legumen is" compressed and 
crooked, with many incisions on the interior 
suture. There are live species, two natives 
of tire warm parts of Europe, and one of Bri- 
tain. They are all low herbaceous trailing 
plants, with yellow flowers. 1 hey are pro- 
pagated by seeds ; but having no great beauty 
are seldom kept in gardens. 
IHiTOMANE, the nvmchincel-trce, a 
genus of the monadelphia order, in the mo- 
ncecia class of plants, and in the natural me- 
thod ranking under the 38th order, tricocca 1 . 
The male has an amentum and bind per.an- 
tliium, without any corolla; the female peri- 
anthium is trifid'; there is no corolla; the 
stigma is tripartite; and the plum or capsule 
tricoccous. See Plate. r l he species are, 
1. The mancinella, with oval sawed leaves, 
is a native of all the W est Indies islands. It 
has a smooth brownish bark. ’Ihe flowers 
come out in short spikes at the end of the 
branches, but make no great appearance, and 
are succeeded by fruit of the same shape and 
size with a golden pippin. The tree grows 
to the size of a large oak. 
2. The biglandulosa, with oblong bay 
leaves, is a native of South America ; and 
grows to as large a size as the first, from which 
it differs mostly in the shape of its leaves. 
3. The spiuosa, with holly leaves, is a na- 
tive of Cam peachy, and seldom rises above 
20 feet high; the leaves greatly resemble 
those of the common boll}', and arc.sel with 
sharp prickles at the end of each indenture. 
They are of a lucid green, and continue all 
the year. 
These plants being natives of very warm 
climates cannot be preserved in this country 
without a stove ; nor can they by any means 
be made to rise above five or six teet high 
even with that assistance. 1 hey are propa- 
gated by seeds; but mustdiave very little 
moisture, or they will certainly be killed by it. 
These trees have a very poisonous quality, 
abounding with an acrid milky juice of a 
highly caustic nature. Strangers are otten 
tempted to eat the fruit ot the first species ; 
the consequences of which are, aw inflamma- 
tion of the mouth and throat, pains in the 
stomach, &c. which are very dangerous, un- 
less remedies are speedily applied. r l he 
wood is much esteemed tor making cabinets, 
book-cases, Sec. being very durable, taking 
a fine polish, and not being liable to become 
worm-eaten: but as the trees abound with a 
milky caustic juice already mentioned, fires 
are made round their trunks to burn out tiiis 
juice, otherwise those who fell the trees 
would be in danger of losing their sight by 
the juice flying in their eyes. 'Phis juice 
