H U S 
HUS 
lent rains and cold, however, tend to check 
the ascent of air out of this circle, rather 
causing it to descend. Great clouds of va- 
pour generate cold and wet, while rain beats 
down the air; and as these prevent the ris- 
ing of the air out of the line, so they hinder 
its usual progress from the tropics on both 
sides; hence the calms which usually precede 
hurricanes. Calms, in these tropical regions, 
are caused by the ascent of the air into the 
higher part of the atmosphere, instead of its 
remaining near -the line: the accumulation 
of air above then becomes heavier by the 
cold which it meets in those regions, and de- 
scends into the more rarefied region below. 
These heavy gales, therefore, will continue 
to descend till the upper regions are entirely 
exonerated. 
HUSBAND and wife, usually called 
baron and feme, are one person in law : 
that is, the very being or legal existence of 
the woman is suspended during the marriage, 
or at least is incorporated and consolidated 
into that of the husband, under whose wing, 
protection and cover she performs every 
thing. She is therefore called in our law 
French, a feme covert, that is, under the pro- 
tection and influence of her husband, her 
baron, or lord; and her condition during her 
marriage is called her coverture. 
A man cannot grant lands to his wife dur- 
ing her coverture, nor any estate or interest 
to°her, nor enter into covenant with her. But 
he mav by his deed covenant with others tor 
her use, as for her jointure, or the like; and 
he may give to her by devise or will, because 
the devise or wjll does not take eiiect till 
after his death. 1 Inst. 112. 
All deeds executed by the wife, and acts 
done by her during her coverture, are void, 
except a line, or the like matter of re- 
cord, in which case she must be solely and 
secretly examined, that it may be known 
whether or no her act is voluntary. 1 Black. 
444. 
A wife is so much favoured in respect of 
that power and authority which her husband 
has over her, that she shall not suffer any 
punishment for committing a bare theft in 
com pan v with, or by coercion of her husband. 
But if she commits a. theft other own volun- 
tary act, or by the bare command of her 
husband, or is guilty of treason, murder, or 
robbery, in company with or by coercion of 
her husband, she is punishable as much as if 
she was sole; because of the odiousness and 
dangerous consequences of these crimes. 1 
Haw. 2. 
By marriage the husband has power over 
his wife’s person ; and the courts of law still 
permit an husband to restrain a wife of her 
libertv, in case of any gross misbehaviour. 
But if he threatens to kill her, &c. she may 
make him find surety of the peace, by suing 
a writ of supplicavit out of chancery, or by 
preferring articles of the peace against him 
m the court of king’s bench, or she may apply 
to the spiritual court for a divorce propter 
saevitatem. 
The husband by marriage obtains a free- 
hold in right of his wife, if lie takes a woman 
to wife that is seized of a freehold ; and he 
may make a lease thereof for 21 years, or 
three lives, if it is made according to the 
statute. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 28. 
I! U $ 
The husband also gains a chattel real, as a 
term for years, to dispose of if he pleases bv 
grant or lease in her life-time, or by surviv- 
ing tier: otherwise it remains with the wife. 
And upon execution for the husband’s debt, 
the sheriff may sell the term during the life 
of the wife. I Inst. 351. 
The husband also by the marriage has an 
absolute gift of all chattels personal in posses- 
sion of the wife in her own right, whether he 
survives her or not. But if these chattels 
personal are choses in action, that is, things 
to be sued for by action, as debts by obliga- 
tion, contract, or the like, the husband shall 
not have them, unless he and his wife recover 
them. 1 hist. 351. 
By custom in London, a wife may carry 
on a separate trade; and as such, is liable to 
the statutes of bankruptcy with respect to the 
goods in such separate trade, with which the 
husband cannot intermeddle. Burr. 1776. 
If the wife is indebted before marriage, the 
husband is bound afterwards to pay the debt, 
living with the wife; for he has adopted bel- 
aud her circumstances together. 1 Black. 
143. But if the wife dies, the husband shall 
not be charged for the debt of his wife after 
her death, if the creditor of the wife does not 
get judgment during the coverture. 9 Co. 
72. 
The husband is bound to provide his wife 
necessaries ; and if she contracts for them, he 
is obliged to pay for the same ; but for any- 
thing besides necessaries, he is not charge- 
able. 
And also if a wife elopes, and lives with ano- 
ther man, the husband is not chargeable even 
for necessaries; at least if the person who fur- 
furnishes them is sufficiently apprized of her 
elopement. 1 Black. 442. 
A man having issue by- his wife born alive, 
shall be tenant by the courtesy ot all the lands 
in fee simple, or'fee tail general, of which she 
shall die seized. Litt. 52. 
And after her death he shall have all chat- 
tels real: as the term of the wife, or a lease 
for years of the wife, anti all other chattels in 
possession; and also, all such as are of a 
mixed nature (partly in possession and partly 
in action), as rents in arrear, incurred before 
the marriage or after: but things merely in 
action, as of a bond or obligation to the 
wife, he can only claim them as administrator 
to his wife, if he survives her. Wood. b. 1 . 
c. 6. 
If the wife survives the husband, she shall 
have for her dower the third part ot all his 
freehold lands u so she shall have her term for 
years again, if he has not altered the pro- 
perty during his life: so also she shall have 
again all other chattels real and mixed: and 
so things in action, as debts, shall remain to 
her, if" they were not received during the 
marriage. Id. 
But if she elopes from her husband, and 
goes away with her adulterer, she shall lose 
her dower, unless her. husband had willingly, 
without coercion ecclesiastical, been recon- 
ciled to her, and permitted her to cohabit 
with him. 1 Inst. 32. 
Husband land, a term used in Scotland 
for a portion of land containing six acres of 
sock and scythe, land; that is, ot land that 
may be tilled with a plough and mown with 
a scythe. 
051 
HUSBANDRY, in the general sense of 
the word, comprehends the whole practice of 
agriculture; in which we have to consider 
the nature of the soils we meet with, on and 
near the surface of the earth. r ihe methods 
of correcting those which are unfavourable to 
the production of useful vegetables ; the im- 
provement of such as are deteriorated by 
over-cropping; such implements as are fittest 
for facilitating the operations of agriculture; 
the means’ and powers best adapted for such 
purposes ; the cattle and live stock most pro- 
fitable to man, whether for labour or more 
immediate vise as food; the grass, grain, 
roots, and pulse, most beneficial to him; and 
the minor subjects connected with this im- 
portant science. 
The culture of the earth is coeval with 
man ; his beneficent Creator placed him in a 
well-stored garden, enjoining him “ to dress 
and to keep it;”, and after a fatal lapse of 
obedience, lie was driven from his para- 
disical situation, a new injunction was laid on 
him, “ to till” the ground, “ that thorns and 
thistles” may not choak the better produc- 
tions of it. Adam, “ by the sweat of his 
brow,” so cultivated the soil, that it produced 
a sufficiency for himself and family : his sons 
he instructed in the art, and they communi- 
cated the same to their descendants: and 
thus the knowledge and practice of agricul- 
ture were promulgated through the early 
ages of mankind. 
When the deluge had swept away from the 
face of the earth every vestige of human art, 
the ark excepted, Noah and his descendants 
found themselves under the necessity of re- 
viving the practice. of husbandry, as one of 
the surest means of procuring the necessaries 
and comforts of life. The methods pursued 
by the early generations are unknown to us, 
as are most of the implements which they 
employed; perhaps the mattock and coulter 
were their principal tools. 
It seems probable that the inhabitants of 
the ages which immediately succeeded the 
Hood, knew not the proper methods of re- 
storing fertility to an exhausted soil; for we 
find them frequently changing their place of 
resiil nee, as their flocks and herds required 
fresh pasturage, or their tillage land became 
unproductive. When the descendants, of 
Abraham settled themselves in Palestine, 
agriculture began to raise itself into import- 
ance, and was considered not only as an use- 
ful but honourable employment. I he Chal- 
deans, who inhabited the country .where agri- 
culture had its birth, cultivated the land with 
great assiduity, and seemed 1o have found 
out the means” of restoring fertility to an ex- 
hausted soil, having plentiful harvests in suc- 
cession, so that they were not obliged, as 
their predecessors had been, to be frequently- 
changing their situation, in order to obtain a 
sufficiency for themselves and their numerous 
flocks and herds. The Phoenicians were also 
remarkable for their skill in agriculture. The 
Athenians taught the rest of the Greeks the 
use of corn, and how to cultivate the land 
that it might produce so wholesome a food. 
As the arts of agriculture encreased, and the 
blessings they afforded became more gene- 
rally known,” these savage Greeks forsook 
their acorns, and the wild roots of the field, 
and applied themselves assiduously to the 
cultivation of the earth; their kings encou- 
raging such lau table pursuit. The old Ro- 
6 B 2 
