know. However, her recently weaned young 
were on several occasions found harboring with 
him, and I am inclined to believe that the type of 
behavior exhibited by adults does influence the 
subsequent behavior of juveniles who associate 
with them. 
By July 1948 male 12 exhibited three major 
symptoms of the syndrome of the social outcast 
(pp. 195 to 196). These included transporting 
food to one side of the Food Pen to eat rather than 
eating at the hopper, hesitancy to enter the Food 
Pen, and marked diurnal activity after the other 
more dominant rats had retired to their burrows. 
By this time he was also an avid storer of food, a 
characteristic which he had not exhibited previ- 
ously and which is common among socially lower 
ranking rats. From July through October, 1948, 
1948, male 12 centered his residence in Area II. 
He was still frequently chased or fought by other 
rats. His presence there is one indication that, 
although the southeast half of the pen developed 
a more favorable social organization, conditions in 
Area II were in general less favorable than in the 
South Alley and in Area I. During the April to 
October period male 12 was recorded 39 times in 
Area III and 28 times in Area II. This includes 
a few observations in addition to those shown in 
figure 107. 
By April 1949 10 of the males born during 1947 
still survived. Only one of these exhibited defense 
of a territory. This was male 22, a member of the 
first litter born in the pen. From April through 
October 1948 he repelled all males who invaded 
Area I. His dominancy was also occasionally 
expressed in the Food Pen, although in general his 
associations with other males outside of Area 1 were 
amicable. Those aggressions exhibited by male 22 
outside of Area I occurred only at times when a 
female was in estrous. Since he always dominated 
the males attracted to females in estrous at the 
South Alley Burrow, his territory might be con- 
sidered as having encompassed it during these times. 
None of the other nine 1947-born males exhibited 
territorial defense, nor was there any clear-cut 
hierarchy among them. During adult life they 
resided at other places in the pen than in Area I, or 
at the South Alley Burrow where all were born or 
had spent much of their juvenile life As men- 
tioned above they were repelled by male 22 
whenever females came into estrous, even though 
several of these males w'ere larger than he. Terri- 
torial defense in all parts of the pen during 1948 
other than in the south quadrant was entirely by 
lactating females. 
The approximate areas controlled by males 
during 1949 are shown in figure 127. They may 
be ranked in descending order as follows with their 
life span mean Maturity Index shown in paren- 
thesis: 49 (1.0), 690 (1.0), 786 (1.20), 82 (1. 11), 
707 (1.86), 751 (11.0), 74 (1.68), 97 (1.90). This 
ranking is based upon outcome of combats, number 
of young per female in the area, and ratio of males 
to females in the area. The more males to females 
the lower the status of the group is assumed to be. 
The details of these criteria are discussed on pages 
203 to 216. 
DOMINANT MALES-SPRING OF 1949 
N AREA III AREA II E 
Figure 127. — Approximate areas controlled by males dur- 
ing the spring of 1949. Arrows point to place of birth. 
Note that none of these high-ranking males resided at the 
place of their birth. Weights are for May 1949. Com- 
pare this with the local colonies as they existed in the 
spring of 1949 (figure 128). 
That male 49 was the dominant male of the 
whole pen there is absolutely no doubt. Observa- 
tion concerning him was facilitated by the fact 
that a crumpled left ear and a V-shaped bare spot 
on the lumbar region enabled identification at all 
times. He was observed in hundreds of fights, all 
of which he won. In fact, he would sometimes 
take on two or three males simultaneously. Even 
the next highest ranking male, number 690, did not 
seriously contend his position. A great majority 
of interactions, however, were of other males 
199 
