102 
FASCICULI MALATENSES 
deer ( Tragulus ), the wild pig, the hunting dog 1 ( Cyori ), and all monkeys 2 3 
except gibbons, which are reckoned as squirrels ( tupai ), possess an evil spirit 
of the kind. Of these, that of the deer is the strongest, excepting that of the 
hunting-dog, a very rare animal ; that of the male of a variety of chevrotain 
known as ‘wind chevrotain ’ ( pelandok angin ) is strong ; that of the wild pig 
small and feeble ; and that of monkeys very small indeed. Among birds, 
only the vulture, 1 the stork, the jungle fowl ( G al'lus gallus ), and the quail, 
have a badi. Of these, the badi ol the vulture is so strong that no man may 
strike the bird ; that of the stork is also powerful ; that of the jungle fowl 
even stronger than that of the deer ; and that of the quail, according to some, 
even stronger than that of the jungle fowl. Of reptiles, the following have a 
badi — ‘white’ crocodiles, which are kramat {ante a, p. 77), monitor lizards 
(. Varanus ), and those snakes which have a white ring round the neck and a 
pale mark on the back of the neck, and can wink their eyes, the species that 
can do so being said to be the cobra or hamadryad {ular selor ) and the ‘ axe- 
snakes ’ 4 {ular kapak ). The badi of a snake is very powerful, and few men 
know how to cast it out ; that of the ‘ white ’ crocodile is also strong, but 
that of the monitor is so weak that ten ‘tail ’ would not affect a man unless 
his body was very ‘ soft.’ The Patani Malays deny that any arthropod has 
a badi ; but Malacca men have told me that that of the grasshopper is the 
strongest of all. 
If a man is affected by the badi of a beast or bird he becomes ‘ mad,’ and 
either imitates the action of that particular animal or is subject to some 
abnormal growth resembling one natural to it. Thus, he who is affected by 
the badi of a jungle fowl goes about crowing and flapping his arms against 
his sides, while feathers may also grow upon his arms, The deer’s badi causes 
its victim to rush at people with his head held down as if he had horns, which 
may, in extreme cases, sprout out from his forehead ; or his feet may become 
cleft like those of a deer. If any of the animals in the above list is killed 
without the badi being cast out, all those present at its death will be affected 
in varying degree, according as their bodies are ‘ soft ’ or the reverse, or their 
semangat weak or strong. The casting out of this evil spirit is, therefore, an 
1. The Patani Malays consider it most unlucky to meet this animal, if it barks ; if it remains silent, it is 
lucky. (Cf. Skeat, loc. cit., p. 183). 
2. The Jalor Malays say that monkeys were once men, but that the ‘prophet Noh’ cursed them for their 
immorality, and a great flood came, and they took refuge in trees— a curious version of the legends of Noah and the 
Cities of the Plain combined. 
3. The Malays of Patani believe that the flies tell the crow about carrion, and the crow tells the vulture ; 
but the Siamese of the same district say that the vulture has gained uuiversal vision by finding a lost letter of the 
alphabet. 
4. Cf. Annandale, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh , 1900-1901, pp. 457, 45 ^ 5 Laidlaw, P. Z. S. London , 
190(2), p. 581. 
