xviii FASCICULI MALAYENSES 
PART III. THE PATANI STATES AND KEDAH 
Rhaman 
Rhaman is the largest of the seven Patani States, bordering on the north 
with Tibaw, Jalor, Patani, Jhering, and Telubin ; on the west with Kedah ; on 
the east with Kelantan, Legeh, and Telubin ; and on the south with Perak. 
We spent a few days at Ban Kassot on the Jalor border in 1901, and I made 
a hasty journey from Upper Perak to Patani through Rhaman in April, 1902, 
so that our acquaintance with this state is comparatively slight. Kota Bharu, 
the capital, we did not visit, but I was there in 1899 ; it is a small and 
unimportant village, not situated on any navigable river, and therefore only 
of note as a centre of the cattle trade between the East Coast and Perak. 
Only a small proportion of Rhaman is under cultivation, the rest being 
buried, for the most part, in dense jungle, and only a few unimportant tin 
mines, all worked by Chinamen, now existing, though there are said to be rich 
mineral deposits. The district between Jarum and the Perak border, however, 
is an undulating savannah, covered with long buffalo grass, but intersected 
with many streams, the banks of which are thickly wooded and give shelter 
to numerous birds and to several of the scarcer jungle butterflies and dragon 
flies, such as Kallima buxtoni and a fine species of Gomphus, in comparatively 
large numbers. 
The following villages were visited on my journey : — - 
Betong. Now the Siamese headquarters in the Hulu Rhaman district, 
which is often known as Neg’ri Jarum. Betong is a large and flourishing 
Malay village, evidently, from the size of the fruit trees, and the enormous 
masses of orchids upon them, of considerable age ; the only non-indigenous 
inhabitants being a few Siamese officials and police and a couple of Chinese 
traders. The prevailing type of Malay is that noted at Grit, and a Semang 
tribe has its hunting grounds in the neighbourhood. The village fauna is that 
characteristic of the central region of the Peninsula, the common squirrel being 
Sciurus vittatus , not Sc. concolor or Sc. caniceps. The savannah 1 near is said to be 
inhabited by large herds of Sladang ( Bos gaur ) and Sapi ( Bos sondaicus ?), with 
possibly a third species (Bos frontalis ?) ; but the habits of these wild cattle, if 
what was told me is true, differ from those of jungle individuals, for the former 
are said to be mild and inoffensive, while the latter are notoriously savage. 
Thej ungle fowl (G alius gallus ) is very abundant, and the cocks frequently come 
into the village and interbreed with the tame poultry. The domestic cattle 
i. The hunting dog ( Cyon rutilans) is also comparatively common in this district, and also, very possibly — in my 
opinion, probably — a species of jackal. 
