134 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Yol. 13, No. 3 
where they enter the lake, and in the spring the ice breaks up 
from this point. The opening of the lake is closely followed 
by the arrival of the early ducks, such as mallards, blue-bills, 
canvas-backs, and pintails. 
The rainfall is abundant, though not at all excessive, the 
total fall during 1913 being 36.04 inches, as compared with 
28.17 inches in 1914. Table I presents a summary of the tem- 
perature and precipitation for Madison during 1913 as compared 
with the average of the last fifty-six years. 
TABLE I 
Temperature and precipitation table for Madison for year of 1913 
1913 
TEMPERATURE 
PRECIPITATION 
Month 
Maximum ' 
Minimum 
Average 
Average 
56 years 1 
1913 
I Average 
56 years 
January 
49 
- 9 
19.4 
16.5 1 
1.64 
1 .61 
February 
54 
-i2 
15.6 
19.6 
1.12 
1.51 
March 
60 
-13 
29.6 
30.1 
2.41 
2.01 
April 
79 
28 ! 
47.2 
H 5 
1 54 
2.52 
May 
82 
33 
56.6 
57.6 
6.63 
3.74 
June 
95 
38 I 
09.0 
67.3 
3.73 
3. 89 
July 
94 
50 
71.4 i 
72.4 
8 .47 
3.83 
August 
93 
54 
70.6 
69.6 
1.59 
3.21 
September 
94 
34 
61.2 
61.1 
4.32 
2.96 
October 
76 
22 
48.3 
48.8 
2.53 
2.29 
November 
67 
18 
41.9 
34 2 
1.73 
1.78 
December 
53 
13 
32.0 
22.7 
0.33 
1.66 
Year 
95 
-13 
46.9 
45.4 
36.04 
31.45 
IV. LIFE ZONES 
The fauna is predominantly that of the Alleghanian area of 
the Transition Zone, though there are one or two rather marked 
exceptions to the general fauna accredited to that zone, and 
undoubtedly the area is not far removed from the northern 
limit of the Carolinian of the Upper Austral. The Carolinian 
affinities are the presence of the nesting gnat-catcher (18), 
though this bird is undoubtedly uncommon as a breeding 
species, and the fox squirrel, which is the only abundant squirrel 
in the formation or about Madison. 
