150 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 13, No. 3 
Along the water’s edge is found a narrow zone, varying in 
width from a few inches to approximately two yards, which is 
characterized by limicoline species. This zone is intermittent, 
and wading birds occur only where the shore-line is compara- 
tively free from vegetation. In such places are found the 
spotted and semipalmated sandpipers, with an occasional greater 
yellow-legs and killdeer, though these two species are rather 
more characteristic of other regions. In the zone lying next 
to the foregoing, and which is ordinarily the Spartina society, 
are found the various species of rails, herons, bitterns, marsh 
wrens, the red-winged blackbird, short-eared owl, marsh hawk, 
and many other species listed under the heading of “swamp” 
in Table II. Intermediate between the Spartina society species 
and the Sylvan association species are the few birds character- 
istic of the Cornus society — the partridge and quail, during the 
fall, winter, and spring; the woodcock, shrike, and chickadee 
at other times. This, like the shore-line zone, is intermittent 
and relatively unimportant in so far as the number of species 
is concerned. 
Two sub-zones are to be distinguished in the Sylvan associa- 
tion: (1) a border zone characterized by the chickadee (which 
is transitory between the species at the edge of the swamp in 
the Cornus society), blue jay, bronzed grackle, downy wood- 
pecker, and brown creeper; and (2) an inner zone, where are 
found the white-breasted nuthatch (which occasionally wanders 
into the border zone), the crow, hairy and red-headed wood- 
peckers, the partridge (during the summer), and the barred 
owl. Beyond the woods lies the zone of the open fields, charater- 
ized by the bobolink, meadowlark, vesper sparrow and many 
other species, as listed in Table II. 
The zonation about the pools is perhaps of sufficient interest 
to warrant mention. Though typically limniotic in character, 
we find what might be termed “retrograde zonation” occurring. 
The open water of the pools lends just sufficient inducement 
to attract some of the limnetic species. We find here again 
the baldpate and mallard which characterized the shore-line 
of the lake, as well as the spotted and semipalmated sandpipers, 
and the yellow-legs mentioned in the shore-line zone. 
