1915] Andrews: Turtles Discriminate Between Sounds 
193 
head-first into the water. Here he might stop to eat, or carry it 
about the box for some time. Certain turtles after each shock 
would jump back quickly and scurry away, but were apparently 
eager to try the experiment again. Others would come back 
slowly and grab at the meat two or three times before getting up 
enough courage to pull it off the forceps. No. Ill was generally 
very unwilling to try again and had to be coaxed by having the 
food dangled in front of him before he would make another at- 
tempt. The turtles showed individual differences, not only in 
the time required for their taming, the learning of their “lessons,” 
and in their reactions to the shock, but also in the manner they 
used in getting their food. No. V always extended his front feet 
forward and touched the food with them before attempting to 
snatch it in his mouth. This made it difficult to teach him as 
he would feel the shock and turn away, so the forceps had to be 
held above his reach, otherwise he would have been trained much 
sooner. But even to the last he would always try to touch the 
food first. He became very tame, and seemed to enjoy being 
held in one’s hand. 
No. I soon discovered that if he was very careful he could get 
the worm without touching the forceps. I had to put on a very 
small piece or he would always do this. He did not seem to mind 
the electricity as much as the others, and always seemed willing 
to take a chance on being able to get the food without much of a 
shock. His record is the poorest of all. 
No. Ill generally had to be removed while the smaller turtles 
were being fed as they were afraid of him. He would snap at 
them whenever they came too near to him on their way to the 
zinc plate, and would snatch the food from their mouths when 
they jumped back in the water. The smaller turtles all acted as 
if they were afraid of the turtles larger than themselves. 
Some of the turtles did not learn as rapidly as the others, and 
some never did as well. The youngest turtle No. I (fig. I) showed 
no sign of learning until the nineteenth day of the experiments. 
No. II showed signs of learning on the third day, and after the 
seventh day steadily improved. He only made two perfect rec- 
ords in all, but often made only one mistake, and this generally 
on the first trial with the whistle. No. Ill showed signs of learn- 
ing on the fourth day and made four perfect records. His record 
