128 
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 
gall-bladder of the grey crow ; D. Mans Eud. from the gullet of the white 
stork ; D. tenuicolle Eud. from the liver of the grey seal ; D. cirratum 
Eud. from the intestine of the carrion crow ; D. platyurum sp. n. from 
the intestine of the long-tailed duck ( Harelda glacialis) ; and Cyatho- 
cotyle prussica g. et sp. n. from the same. 
Taenia Botrioplitis in the Intestine of the Fowl.* — Taenia botrioplitis 
is a tapeworm discovered by Piana, and is, says Herr G. Scagliosi, from 
50 to 200 mm. long, has a circlet of hooks and roundish suckers on its 
head. The neck is unsegmented, and there are sexual organs in each of 
the proglottides of the segmented body. This specimen of Taenia was 
found by the author in numerous small nodules in the serosa of a fowl, 
the head of the worm being buried in the nodule. Microscopical 
examination of the gut in the neighbourhood' of the Taenia showed 
necrosis of the intestinal wall, associated with a small-celled infiltration 
and the presence of giant-cells. In those nodules which contained 
no worm the necrosed parts had become encapsuled in connective tissue, 
and hung by a pedicle attached to the outer wall of the intestine. 
Nervous System of Ligula in its Eelations to the Arrangement 
of the Musculature.! — Herr M. Liihe has shown that the longitudinal 
muscles of Taeniae can always be differentiated into an inner, an outer, 
and a subcuticular layer, and that the two latter have a common origin. 
Similar relations are found in the Botliriocepliali , though in them the 
separation of the muscular layers is much less obvious than in the Taeniae. 
Yet in Ligula the inner layer of muscle is somewhat sharply differen- 
tiated from the outer. This is owing to the position of a band of longi- 
tudinal nerves which separate the two layers of muscle. The nerves of 
this separating layer are connected with one another and with the main 
lateral nerves by commissures. Owing to this, the nervous system of 
Ligula is much more complicated and more nearly approaches that of 
the Trematoda than has been hitherto supposed. The observation is 
all the more noteworthy, inasmuch as, up to the present, commissures 
uniting the longitudinal nerves have been found only in a few Cestoda. 
Ctenoplana.J — Dr. A. Willey has been able to make an interesting 
and important study of this remarkable genus, which presents affinities 
both to the Turbellaria and the Ctenophora. 
The most important generalisation to which the author is led is that 
the group Bilateralia have had a diphyletic origin, and he exhibits his 
results in the following table : — 
f Ctenophora 
o 
'Archiplanoidea. 
.Cerianthidao . 
[ Platy helminthes 
{ Anthozoa 
Coelomata 
* Virchow’s Arcli. f. Path. Anat., cxliv. pt. iii. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. 
Parasitenk., P® Abt., xxi. (1897) pp. 35-6. 
t Zool. Anzeig., 1896, No. 511. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk.,, 
l lc Abt., xx. (1896) p. 931. 
X Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., xxxix. (1896) pp. 323-42 (1 pi.). 
