ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
151 
fungus with Trichosphseria Sacchari and Melancomium Sacchari. The 
author was unable to obtain positive evidence that either of these forms 
can give rise to the other. 
Parasites of the Beet.*' — In addition to a number of animal parasites, 
Herr J. Stoklasa describes the following fungi as attacking the culti- 
vated beet in Bohemia : — Rliizoctonia violacea, the most destructive of 
all, the mycele attacking the root, and causing enormous losses ; Cerco - 
spora beticola, attacking the leaves ; PJioma Betse, the cause of dry-rot ; 
and Peronospora beticola. 
Fungi Parasitic on Lichens.f — Prof. W. Zopf gives a detailed list 
of all the lichens on which parasitic fungi have been observed, amounting 
to 309 species. The parasites themselves belong to 344 species and 
76 genera. In the greater number of cases each fungus attacks only a 
single kind of lichen, though this is not always the case, Trichothecium 
pygmseum having been found on as many as forty different species. 
Similarly each kind of lichen is, as a rule, attacked by only a single 
species of parasitic fungus, though there are many exceptions also to this 
rule. 
Organs of Attachment of Botrytis4 — From a series of observations 
on Botrytis 'dnerea, Miss M. E. 0. Horn comes to the conclusion that 
the organs of attachment and the conidiospores are equivalent both 
physiologically and morphologically, having, in fact, the same origin. 
The formation of the organs of attachment appears to be determined by 
external conditions, which may be artificially produced by placing a hard 
substance in proximity to the hyphae. 
Development of Teichospora and Ceratostoma.§ — Miss M. A. 
Nichols describes the morphology and development of these two genera 
of Pyrenomycetes. In Teichospora no male organ could be detected (in 
Teichosporella there is a possible rudimentary antherid), and there is 
no probability of any process of fertilisation. A single cell of the mycele 
forms, by successive division and growth, a solid sphere of parenchy- 
matous tissue. Certain of the inner cells of this tissue become en- 
larged and differentiated into asci. Each ascus contains at first a 
single large nucleus, which, by successive karyokinetic divisions, fur- 
nishes a single smaller nucleus for each compartment of the multiseptate 
spores. 
In Ceratostoma and Hypocopra the spores, upon germination, send 
out multinucleated mycelial threads, which become septate, branch, and 
form circular colonies. Upon the mycele are borne short thick branches, 
which become curved, or sometimes several times coiled, and perform 
the function of archicarps. Near these archicarps are usually found 
long slender branches, the antherids. These intertwine with the archi- 
carps, and their tips meet and fuse. But in some cases the archicarps 
appear to develop without fertilisation. The archicarp furnishes, by 
growth and division, the cells which make up the interior of the peri- 
thece ; and the asci arise from certain of these cells of the interior. In 
each young ascus there is a single primary nucleus ; this divides karyo- 
* Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in Bohmen, 1896. See Bot. Centralbl., 1896, 
Beih., p. 464. t Hedwigia, xxxv. (1896) pp. 312-66. 
X Bot. Gazette, xxii. (1896) pp. 329-33 (1 pi.). § Tom. cit., pp. 301- 28 (3 pis.) 
