ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
153 
months, and during a large part of this time it does not seriously interfere 
with the functions of the host. The ultimate result of the attacks of the 
parasite is to rupture the tissue of the leaves, causing excessive evapora- 
tion. This brings about a loss of turgidity and other physiological 
changes which lead to the gradual death and casting of the leaves. 
Melampsora Tremulae.* — According to Herr G. Wagner, different 
forms of this parasite of the aspen are connected genetically with three 
distinct aecidioforms, viz.: — (1) Cseoma pinitorquum on Pirns sylvestris, 
and C. Laricis on Larix europsea ; (2) C. Mercurialis on Mercurialis 
perennis; and (3) G. Chelidonii on Chelidonium majns. The last two 
forms he names Melampsora Eostrupii and M. Magnusiana respectively. 
Rhizoctonia.t — M. E. Eoze calls attention to the frequent con- 
currence of Phizoctonia Solani and Oospora scabies in potato-plants 
affected with the scab, and suggests that the chains of small spherical 
hyaline cells which constitute the latter fungus are a form of fructifi- 
cation of the Phizoctonia. 
Tuberacese and Gasteromycetes.* * § — Following out his division of the 
Tuberacem into the three families, Eutuberineae, Balsamieae, and Ela- 
phomycetineas, Dr. E. Fischer seeks to draw out a parallel between these 
and corresponding members of the Gasteromycetes. Parallel forms to 
the Eutuberineas are to be found among the Gasteromycetes ; on the one 
hand, in the genera Gautieria and Hysterangium ; on the other hand, in 
Hymenog aster. But while in the Tuberacese the differentiation does not 
advance beyond Tuber or Pachyphlceum, the development of the fructifi- 
cation attains, among the Gasteromycetes, a much greater height in the 
Clathreae and Phalleae. The Balsamieae may be compared to the Lyco- 
perdaceae among the Gasteromycetes. Among the Elaphomycetineae, 
certain families present parallel forms to genera of Sclerodermeae among 
the Gasteromycetes. 
Receptacle of Clathrus.§ — Pursuing his investigations on the Phal- 
loideae, Dr. E. A. Burt now describes in detail the development of the 
receptacle of Clathrus columnatus , differing in several points from the 
conclusions of Fischer. || The resemblances and differences between 
the two families of the Phalloideae, the Phalleae and the Clathreae, are 
further elucidated ; one of the most important differences is that in 
the mature stage, the position of the glebe is outside the receptacle in 
the Phalleae, while it is within it in the Clathreae. The author believes 
that the Phalleae and Clathreae have both arisen independently from lower 
forms outside the family ; the highest specialised forms in each family 
resemble one another from being adapted to the same end. 
~ In another paper, ^ Dr. Burt gives a’synopsis of all the Phalloideae of 
the United States. 
Actinomycosis.** — Dr. G. Gasperini protests against confounding 
several quite distinct species of Actinomyces. Bovine actinomycosis is 
* Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., xlvi. (1896) pp. 272-3. 
t Comptes Eendus, cxxiii. (1896) pp. 1017-9. 
+ Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xiv. (1896) pp. 301-11. Cf. this Journal, ante , p. 59. 
§ Bot. Gazette, xxii. (1896) pp. 273-92 (2 pis.). Cf. this Journal, 1896, p. 661. 
|| Cf. this Journal, 1891, p. 78. *|j Tom. cit., pp. 379-91. 
** Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., x. (1896) pp. 144-9. Cf. this Journal, 1896, p. 221. 
