ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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a. Cephalopoda. 
Indian Cephalopods.* — Mr. E. S. Goodrich reports on a collection of 
cuttlefishes received from the Calcutta Museum, and for the most part 
collected by the ‘ Investigator.’ Eleven new species are described, 
belonging to the genera Inioteutliis , Sepia, Loliolus , Sepioteuthis, Abralia , 
Cheiroteuthis, Histiopsis, Taonius , and Octopus. No new genus has been 
founded, but four genera included are new to the Indian region. 
y. Gastropoda. 
New Gastropod in an Antarctic Kolothurian.f — Prof. H. Ludwig 
has found in two specimens of Chiridota Pisanii, a new Gastropod para- 
site, which, in its habit and mode of fixation, resembles a form which he 
previously discovered in Myriotrochus Pinlcii, and which Voigt described 
under the title Entocolax LudwigiL Whether the new form is really 
related to Entocolax or to the more familiar Entoconcha remains to be 
seen. 
Nervous System of Molluscs.]: — Dr. J. Gilchrist has studied this by 
the methylen-blue method. He injected a nearly saturated solution into 
the living animal by the foot or by the blood system. The tentacles 
baffled the method until the device of first injecting cocain (5 per cent, 
in sea-water) was discovered. Good results w’ere obtained with Aplysia, 
but not with Doris , Patella, or Lamellibranclis. Each case seems to 
require some special treatment. 
The ganglia of Aplysia showed (1) typical motor-cells, each with a 
long axis-process leading away into the nerve, and other processes which 
break up into fine branches in the ganglia; and (2) cells, the smaller 
processes of which break up in one ganglion, while the main process 
passes over into another, probably breaking up there. Fibres passing 
into the ganglia were seen to break up into branches. An investigation 
of peripheral parts showed hints of a hypodermal nerve-plexus. 
Various attempts have been made to discover the connection between 
the osphradial epithelium and the underlying ganglion ; Gilchrist has 
demonstrated the existence of intra- epithelial structures — the peripheral 
endings of sensory cells, the nucleated bodies of which lie at a greater or 
less depth under the epithelium, and the lower offshoots of which pene- 
trate the ganglion. The rhinophore shows an arrangement of ganglionic 
cells somewhat similar to that of the osphradium. 
Phenomena of Fertilisation and Maturation in Gastropod Ova.§— 
Dr. F. M. MacFarland begins by describing the fertilisation phenomena 
in the Opisthobranch Pleurophyllia calif ornica (Cooper) Bergb. The 
centrosomes which form the poles of the first segmentation spindle arise 
exclusively from the spermatozoon ; they retain their independence 
throughout, though they are not continuously visible. There is no 
quadrille of the centres. The central spindle in the first cleavage arises 
by the approximation of two ray-systems, which are at first quite separate, 
* Trans. Linn, Soc. Zool., vii. (1896) pp. 1-24 (5 pis.). 
t Zool. Anzeig., xx. (1897) pp. 248-9. 
X Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xxvi. (1897) pp. 179-86 (1 pi.). 
§ Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. Anat.), x. (1897) pp. 227-64 (5 pis.). 
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