ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
529 
also secures the better ventilation of the cells. Verhoeff also discusses 
H alictus sexcinctus F., which makes no vault, and dies after laying the 
last egg, and H. albipes F. (= obovatus ), which makes a simple burrow 
with crowded lateral cells, but no vault. 
Mouth-Parts of Insects.* * * § — Herr Fr. Meinert maintains that in 
insects with complete metamorphosis, the order of development of the 
mouth-parts is at first in the succession recognised by Savigny : — (1) 
mandible, (2) first maxillae, (3) second maxilla or labium ; but that in 
later stages the order of developmental succession is : — (1) labium with 
(secondary) palps, (2) mandibles, (3) first maxillae ; or, if one considers 
position only, — (1) labium, (2) first maxillae, (3) mandibles. In insects 
with incomplete metamorphosis, the fourth or most posterior post-oral 
metamerid — the primary metamerid of the labium with its primary 
labial palps — retains its position and continues its development, while 
the most anterior metamerid, corresponding to the secondary labial 
metamerid of other insects, does not develop till later, and rarely 
acquires appendages. 
Taste-Organ in Lepidoptera.f — Dr. W. A. Nagel describes what 
appear to be taste-organs in the form of a dozen papillae on the ventral 
hypopharynx wall of Smerinthus populi and other Lepidoptera. Apart 
from a brief note by Kirbach (1883), as to similar papillae, the internal 
taste-organs of Lepidoptera have hitherto eluded observation. In 
general features, they resemble those in other insects. As to external 
taste-organs, Nagel believes that these are represented by papillae at 
the end of the proboscis. 
Mouth-Parts of Microlepidoptera.f — Dr. K. W. Genthe begins his 
memoir with a general account of the structure of these parts. He then 
proceeds to a description of their peculiarities in the various families — a 
most laborious piece of work. In connection with theories of relationship, 
the mouth-parts of Phryganidae and Tenthredinidae are then discussed ; 
and the author comes to the conclusion, unfortunately a somewhat 
negative one, that the presumed affinities between Lepidoptera and other 
groups of insects, especially Phryganidae and Tenthredinidae, are not 
rendered more probable by the comparative study of the mouth-parts. 
Revision of European Culicidae.§ — Sig. E. Ficalbi completes his 
systematic account and revision of the European species of Culicidfe. He 
gives a history of classifications, a diagnosis of the family, and a descrip- 
tion of the species. There are three European genera : — Anopheles , in 
which the palps of both sexes are about as long as the proboscis ; Culex , 
in which the palps of the male are about as long as the proboscis, while 
those of the female are much shorter ; and Aedes, in which the palps 
of both sexes are much shorter than the proboscis. The memoir ends 
with a brief account of the life-history, habits, and distribution of gnats. 
Male of Prestwichia aquatica.|] — Mr. F. Enock has discovered in 
Epping Forest the hitherto almost unknown male of this aquatic 
* Oyersigt K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. i Forhandlingar, 1897, pp. 299-324 
(14 figs.). t Zool. Anzeig., xx. (1897) pp. 405-6 (2 figs.). 
t Zool. Jahrb. (Abth. Syst.), x. (1897) pp. 373-471 (3 pis.). 
§ Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., xxviii. 1896 (1897) pp. 197-313 (3 pis.). 
1| Essex Naturalist, x. (1897) pp. 10-11. 
