NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 
427 
course across to Shediac Harbor, (its present lower course being the result 
of capture by a Fundian river), either by the root followed by the present 
highway and railway to the southern part of the harbor, or else leaving 
the present valley below Salisbury and running across south of Indian 
Mountain to the Shediac River. Its head is of course in the Anagance, 
which rises on the old eastern watershed,! and it may have relations with 
the Kennebecasis still to be worked out.* Its large southerly branches 
(which morphologically include the present head of Kennebecasis, or 
Salmon River), flow from the Southern crystalline) Highlands precisely as 
many branches flow into the same basin from the similar Central High- 
lands. 
2. The Cocagnian Valley. Headed in or near the present Bennetts 
Stream and included the present North River and Cccagne, probably con- 
tinuing through Egmont Bay across Prince Edward Island. 
3. The Buchtouclnan Valley. Headed in the present Prices Brook, (or 
perhaps in Thornes Brook), which is strongly re-entrant to the present 
course of the Canaan, follows the upper course of the Canaan, crosses, (by 
the general route of the old Indian portage), to the Buctouche, along that 
river and probably across to Prince Edward Island, emptying through 
Cascumpec Harbor. 
4. The Richibuctian Valley. Headed in the present Salmon Creek, 
Which is strongly re-entrant to Salmon River, and included all Salmon 
River to the old Indian portage, across by its route, and by the Richibucto, 
and into the Gulf, north of Prince Edward Bland. 
A minor valley probably existed between this and the preceding, em- 
bracing a part of Coal Creek and Lake Stream, the upper part of Salmon 
River, and emptying by some branch into the Richibucto. Possibly another 
emptied by the Chockpish. 
5. The Koucliibouguasian Valley. Headed in the present Gaspereau 
(captured later by a branch of Salmon River), followed along the course 
of Meadow Brook, and the extensive line of open barrens (which exist 
*Of course, in still earlier times, the river which preceded the Petitcodiac 
and Anagance headed tin the present Kennebecasis, as Dr. Matthew has 
pointed out in this Bulletin, XII, 54. But that was when the Carboniferous 
rocks were being laid down in a preceding geological and geographical 
cycle. As I understand it, all of our present rivers originated in a much 
later cycle, after all the rock formations of the Province had been laid 
down and were elevated again above the sea. It was, I believe, on this 
final elevation that the province possessed that ithree-plain or three-plateau 
structure which originated the three primal river systems, the Fundian, 
Northumbrian and Laurentian, while subsequent geological movements 
and erosions, supplemented by the glacial period, have altered the origin- 
ally comparatively simple systems into their present complications. 
