ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
595 
ment ; the digestive apparatus “ represents about half the usual deve- 
lopment in typical Lepidoptera.” The ovary of S. scoleciformis is 
remarkable for containing seven, in place of four, egg-tubes. In Tro- 
chilium apiforme the skeleton and the nervous system exhibit the same 
peculiarities as in Sesia , and the same is largely true of many of the 
other organs. 
Sculpturings on Elytra of Coleoptera.* — Herr A. von Bonsdorff 
finds that the variations in the ditferent sculpturings on the elytra of 
Coleoptera are almost endless ; sometimes a type is constantly pre- 
dominant in a group (Elateridae), while at others there may be within 
narrow limits ( Garabus ) so great variation that scarcely two species 
can be found to exhibit the same structure. Three chief types may be 
recognized : — 
A. Primary costae present, areas undivided. The costae may be 
elevated greatly ( Cardbus nitens) or only slightly (j Silpha obscura ) above 
the surface of the wing. In the areae the network may be seen as such 
( Clirysochroa vittata), or be wrinkled ( Hammatoceros hseros), or compressed 
to more or less deep dots ( Necrophorus germanicus). 
B. The areas are divided into two. The primary are better developed 
than the secondary costas ( Anfhia 10-guttata), or resemble them, when 
they are only separated by rows of dots or depressed lines (Amara, 
Gyrinus , P assays'). 
C. The areas are divided into four parts. In this type the primary 
are often not better developed than the secondary costae. 
In each type there are forms in which the elytra tend to become 
almost smooth ; Silpha obscura may be compared with S Isevigata. The 
regular costae also tend sometimes to break up. 
Germinal Vesicle of Flies.j — Dr. P. Mayer is of opinion that the 
structures described by Mr. B. T. Lowne as germinal vesicles | are the 
chitinogenous vesicles which are so often found in the glands of Insects ; 
a reference to Leydig’s work in 1859 would have presented the per- 
petration of this mistake. 
British Phytophagous Hymenoptera.§ — Mr. P. Cameron has pub- 
lished the third volume of his valuable work on these insects, in which 
he deals with the Cephidae, Siricidas, Oryssidae, and the parasitic 
Cynipidae. With another volume he hopes to be able to complete his 
undertaking. 
Viviparous Caddis-fly. || —Prof. J. Wood-Mason has observed the 
exit from the extremity of the abdomen of a Caddis-fly of innumerable 
tiny living creatures. These were Trichopterous larvae, which possessed 
all the characters — slender and tapering body, laterally expanded and 
dorsally humped first abdominal segment, and disproportionately long 
and slender third pair of legs — of typical Leptoceridae ; no tracheal gills 
could be detected. The abdomen of the mother retains after preservation 
in spirit the distended condition it had before parturition, and has the 
* Zool. Anzeig., xiii. (1890) pp. 342-6. f T. c., pp. 367-8. 
X See this Journal, ante , p. 170. 
§ 8vo, London, 1890 (Printed for the Ray Society), 274 pp., 17 pis. 
1| Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi. (1890) pp. 139- li. 
