ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
613 
which was for a long time under observation, was found to be able to 
survive very considerable variations in temperature. 
Gephyrea of the ‘ Prinz Adalbert.’ * * * § — Dr. A. Collin has a report 
on the four Gephyrea, two of which are new, collected during the voyage 
of the German ship ‘ Prince Adalbert. Phascolosoma sanderi, from an 
unknown locality, has some resemblances to Ray Lankester’s Golfingia 
macintosh ; Dendrostoma peruvianum, from Callao, is closely allied to 
those species of Phascolosoma in which there are two retractor muscles 
and no hooks. 
£. Nemathelmintlies. 
The Genus Dispharagus.f— Prof. M. Stossich corroborates the 
opinion of Dujardin and Molin that the genus Dispharagus is quite dis- 
tinct from Filaria or Spiroptera. The constant presence of two triangular 
lips, the cutaneous, possibly tactile, cords which extend backwards from 
the anterior ends, the two unequal cirri, and the four pre-anal papillae are 
distinctive. These parasites are found in the gullet and stomach of 
birds. The known species number 35, of which 9 are imperfectly known. 
The remaining 26 are divided into two sets, according to the presence 
or absence of spines. 
Early Stage in Development of an Oxyuris.J — M. L. Jammes has 
been able to study the development of an Oxyuris from the caecum 
of Testudo nemoralis. The egg is enclosed in an oval test, which the 
embryo does not leave until nearly adult; segmentation is total and 
equal ; the regular morula as it grows becomes more and more elongated, 
and when the change in form begins two or four cells at one end are* 
conspicuous by their size ; these, however, have no special function, but 
appear to be merely elements which have been retarded in their seg- 
mentation. In the planula-stage there is a superficial layer of cubical 
cells, and a compact subjacent cellular mass, which represents the 
mesendoderm. 
The most important point in the embryogeny is the division of the 
mesendoderm into a definite mesoderm and endoderm; this is effected 
by a circular cleavage, which generally begins in the middle of the body 
and extends to either end. The definite endoderm is, at first, formed 
of a cylinder, circular in section, but a capillary lumen is not slow in 
appearing to begin the formation of the digestive cavity. The definite 
mesoderm is represented by a single layer of cells adhering to the 
ectoderm ; it is, however, double in the middle part of the body, or in 
the region where the gonads are developed. It will be noticed that this 
history contains no account of the existence of a true Gastrula-stage, and 
so far differs from that of most Nematodes. 
Nematode from the Chipping Sparrow.§— Dr. E. Linton describes 
Trichosoma rubrum sp. n. from the thoracic cavity of Spizilla socialis • 
it has a diameter proportionally many times greater than that of any- 
recorded species of the genus; as the median diameter is 0*90 mm. and 
the length 25 mm., the body is by no means hair-like. 
* Arch. f. Naturg., lviii. (1892) pp. 177-82 (1 pi.), 
f Bull. Soc. Adr. Sci. Nat. Trieste, xiii. (1891) pp. 81-108 (3 nls 'i 
X Comptes Kendus, cxiv. (1892) pp. 1555-7. v ^ J 
§ Amer. Natural., xxvi. (1892) pp. 705-7 (5 figs.). 
