ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
213 
turns of the spiral, but only to the first half of the anterior turn, where 
they spring from a small swelling which appears to have hitherto escaped 
notice. 
In his view of the mode of development of the antherozoids of 
Equisetum, M. Guignard differs somewhat from that of Belajeff*; he 
finds it closely analogous to that in Filices. The nucleus of the mother- 
cell does not, according to his observation, retain its original globular 
form, but undergoes the same changes as those which take place in other 
Vascular Cryptogams, accompanied by special changes in the protoplasm 
of the mother-cell. 
Embryogeny of Lycopodiaceae.f — Dr. M. Treub has continued his 
researches on the embryogeny and development of various species of 
Lycopodium, especially L. cernuum. The young embryo of this species 
is fixed to the soil, not by a root, but by a parenchymatous tuber covered 
with root-hairs, resembling the tuber of Phylloglossum. The embryo 
consists of three parts : — a suspensor composed of a single large cell, the 
foot, which never projects beyond the prothallium, and a third part, which 
developes into the embryonal tuber and the cotyledons. It is only after 
the tuber has attained its full size that the growing point is developed 
on it ; near it springs the first root, which is of exogenous origin. 
The vascular bundle of the leaves ends before reaching the tuber, which 
contains none. As a general rule only one embryo is formed on each 
protballium. The tuber is infested, as in L. inundatum, by the hyphse of 
a fungus. 
In the embryonal condition L. cernuum can reproduce itself in a 
vegetative way by root-tubers. All the roots of the young plant can 
produce such tubers, which ultimately become detached from the parent- 
plant, and develope into new plants. L. salakense is propagated in the 
same way. 
The embryonal tuber of Lycopodium, which has no analogue among 
Vascular Cryptogams, cannot be regarded as an outcome of degenera- 
tion; it must be a rudimentary organ, and Dr. Treub regards it as 
an intermediate stage between the unsegmented sporophyte of the 
Muscineae and the leafy sporophyte of other Vascular Cryptogams. He 
proposes, therefore, to call it the protocorm ; it is analogous to the 
protoneme of mosses. In Phylloglossum, the oldest type, the protocorm 
plays an important part during the entire life of the individual ; in 
species of Lycopodium of the cernuum type it occurs only in the 
embryonal condition; in the epiphytal Phlegmarium type only traces 
of it survive. 
Lycopodium Spores.J — According to Herr A. Danger the spores of 
Lycopodium clavatum contain 1*155 per cent, of neutral mineral consti- 
tuents (chiefly phosphates of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, 
iron, and aluminium, with smaller quantities of calcium sulphate, 
potassium chloride, and aluminium silicate, and traces of manganese), 
and 49*31 per cent, of an acid greenish-yellow oil, composed of 80- 
* Cf. this Journal, 1889, p. 785. 
t Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, viii. (1889) pp. 1-37 (12 pis.). 
J ‘Ueb. Bestandtheile d. Lycopodium-sporen,’ Berlin, 1889, 8vo, 46 pp. See Bot. 
Ceutralbl., xl. (1889) p. 355. 
