NEW BRUNSWICK CAVES. 
157 
illustration will convey some idea of their character, though not 
exhibiting special features of caves. (See frontispiece). Of these, 
some are evidently the result of simple undermining ; others are 
apparently due to the displacement and fall of large sections of 
rock now found piled against the more solid face-wall, but with 
considerable irregular empty spaces between ; while in still other 
instances it is possible to work one’s way for several hundred 
yards through passages shut in by rock on either side, and dark, 
except where at times some open space, a hundred feet or more 
above one’s head, admits a feeble light to guide the steps. At 
high water and during storms the waves must be driven with 
great force through some of these passages, and it is probable that 
‘‘ spouting horns ” are sometimes found, though none of these 
have as yet been reported. 
Another tract in which sea-sculpture has produced somewhat 
similar results, though upon a scale of much less grandeur, is 
that of Miramichi Bay. Here the rocks are the grey sandstones 
and grits of the coal formation, and their attitude is horizontal, 
conditions which have elsewhere shown themselves to be favor- 
able to cave-production; and it is no uncommon thing along the 
coast to find localities exhibiting overhung recesses, some of 
which are quite noteworthy. At times also here, as on the Bay 
of Fundy shore, the partial falling in of roofs of cavities, or it 
may be the battering action of the waves on either side of narrow 
promontories, has determined the formation of arches or natural 
bridges. One of these, occurring on Miramichi Bay, some fif- 
teen miles from Chatham, is shown in an accompanying plate. 
River Caves. 
Under this designation may be included the cave-like excava- 
tions found in such proximity to surface streams as to indicate 
that they, in part at least, owe their origin to the action of the 
latter. Here, again, the most numerous and marked examples 
of such wear are to be found in connection with the coarse sand- 
stones and grits of the coal formation. Thus on the Miramichi 
