162 
BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
reaching- it the climb from the level of the brook is about the 
same. The whole roof of the cavern is anhydrite, and very little 
soft gypsum has apparently been exposed by the action of the 
water. Heretofore its chief interest has been its picturesque 
surroundings. I'hese have been more or less destroyed bv cut- 
ting of trees, and permitting the earth dumps made in quarrving 
plaster to run down the slope near to the little lake.” 
The third material favoring removal by the combined mechani- 
cal and solvent action of water is limestone or dolomite. It is in 
rocks of this nature, as in Mrginia and Kentucky, that the most 
extensive and remarkable caverns of the world are to be found. 
In Xew Brunswick, limestones and dolomites, intimately asso- 
ciated, form extensive deposits in St. John and Charlotte coun- 
ties, and have been largely removed from the time of the first 
settlement of the country, while in other parts of the Province, 
limestones, usually less pure, are met with alike in the Silurian, 
Devonian and Lower Carboniferous systems. In each of these, 
but especially the latter, caves and subterranean passages are to 
be met with. 
Of the caves connected with the Lower Carboniferous lime- 
stones, the most remarkable known to me are found about the 
tributaries of Hammond River, in Kings county. One of these 
was partially explored by the writer, many years ago, in company 
with the late Prof. C. F. Hart, but beyond the fact that we pene- 
trated several hundred feet, I am unable now to recall anything 
definite. Another cave, in similar limestones, was also visited by 
us near the Coverdale river, in Albert county, and may be 
specially noticed as containing bones apparently of the deer or 
moose, the only relics of this kind, so far as known to the writer, 
thus found in Xew Brunswick. It may be that in this same for- 
mation occurs the cave referred to in the following letter from 
Dr. B. S. Thorne to Prof. Ganong : 
“ About one and a half miles from Havelock Corner there is 
a stream which runs underground for about one mile, and forms 
^ ice caves.’ i\Iy son. Dr. Van B. Thorne, a number of yea’-s 
