NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 
187 
tion which permitted the rejuvenation of the streams and their 
-cutting below the trough of the older valleys, which process is 
still in progress. Finally came the glacial period, which beheaded 
the Upsalquitch, and turned it out of its course in places, as we 
find it at present. 
71. — On Some Peculiar Tree Forms Found in New 
Brunswick. 
Read April 7. 1903. 
In earlier notes in this series (Nos. 22 and 27), I have called 
attention to some remarkable tree forms, with their causes, noticed 
in New Brunswick, and to these the three following may be 
added. The illustrations are in every case traced carefully from 
photographs, and hence are approximately accurate. 
The first of the three figures represents an apple tree, ten feet 
high, standing near the shore of Rougie Bay, near Waterside, in 
Albert County. A low 
V a 1 1 e y extends thence 
through Shepody, and 
through this valley the 
southwest winds, sweeping 
up the Bay of Fundy, rush 
with great force for most 
of the summer. The winds 
in this region are strong, 
for very much the same 
reason the tides are high, namely, the Bay of Fundy is funnel- 
shaped, causing a concentration of both water and air currents, 
with an intensification of both. The tree here figured is not only 
bent mechanically to leeward, i. e., the northeast, but it is also 
aborted (by hindrance to growth and death of branches through 
excessive transpiration) on the windward side, and it is to a com- 
bination of these causes that such tree-forms are due. This is 
the 'most extreme example of wind-effects that I have myself seen, 
nor have I found any better described in the literature of the 
subject. 
The second figure represents a spruce, which I photographed 
:some years ago on White Head Island, Grand Manan. The 
