NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 201 
Some interesting possibilities are thus suggested, which are as 
follows. 
The Keswick valley enters the St. John valley as a direct con- 
tinuation of the latter, the two together forming a single broad, 
flood-plained, terrace-bordered, gentle-sloped, matured valley, 
while the Upper St. John enters this combined valley at an abrupt 
angle, in a much narrower steeper-walled and obviously newer 
valley. This suggests that morphologically the Keswick and the 
St. John valley below it are one, and that the Keswick is the mor- 
phological head of the St. John below it. Ascending, the Keswick 
valley retains much of its width and all of its ancient and matured 
appearance, the present stream, winding about amidst intervales 
and terraces, being obviously much smaller than that which form- 
ed it. At Jones Fork comes in a broad branch from the north ; at 
Zealand one comes from the west ; at Stone Ridge is another from 
the north; and another also from the north appears to come in at 
Upper Keswick. All the way up, the river maintains its matured 
appearance, though narrowing somewhat, and seemingly narrowed 
much more than it really is by the remarkable great terraces. At 
Upper Keswick the railway climbs by very steep grades (265 feet 
within three miles by the railway levels) out of this valley over a 
water-shed into the valley of the Nacawic. But as the railroad 
ascends, one can see finely displayed the ripe old valley of the 
Keswick continuing off to the northwest. Beyond this point I 
have not seen it, but in an earlier note (No. 50) I have suggested 
the probability that the north and south parts of both the Nash- 
waak and the Miramichi, both of which lie in a direct line north 
from its present source, formerly flowed through this valley, and 
certainly its great size strongly sustains this conclusion. I believe 
that these three rivers lie in a single ancient valley, with large and 
important branches, forming the original head of all the St. John 
below it, and this we may call from its modern remnant. The Kes- 
zvian Valley. It is probable that in its lower part it had another 
branch, for the course of the Mactaquac on our maps strongly 
suggests that it formerly flowed by a small brook into the present 
Keswick near its mouth. Tracing now the Mactaquac valley 
upward, as represented on the maps, we find it lying in a line with 
